diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-reusable.yml b/.github/workflows/build-reusable.yml
index 2833a17..db01cfc 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-reusable.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-reusable.yml
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
         run: |
           # Don't install LLVM, use system clang for better compatibility
-          # abseil is automatically installed as a dependency of protobuf
           brew install libomp boost protobuf zeromq
 
       - name: Install build dependencies
@@ -123,20 +122,17 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set macOS environment variables
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
         run: |
-          # Detect Homebrew installation path and set environment variables
-          if [ -d "/opt/homebrew/opt/libomp" ]; then
-            echo "HOMEBREW_PREFIX=/opt/homebrew" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-            echo "OpenMP_ROOT=/opt/homebrew/opt/libomp" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-            echo "CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/opt/homebrew/opt/libomp:/opt/homebrew/opt/boost:/opt/homebrew/opt/protobuf:/opt/homebrew/opt/zeromq:/opt/homebrew/opt/abseil" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-            echo "LDFLAGS=-L/opt/homebrew/opt/libomp/lib" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-            echo "CPPFLAGS=-I/opt/homebrew/opt/libomp/include -I/opt/homebrew/opt/abseil/include" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          elif [ -d "/usr/local/opt/libomp" ]; then
-            echo "HOMEBREW_PREFIX=/usr/local" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-            echo "OpenMP_ROOT=/usr/local/opt/libomp" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-            echo "CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/usr/local/opt/libomp:/usr/local/opt/boost:/usr/local/opt/protobuf:/usr/local/opt/zeromq:/usr/local/opt/abseil" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-            echo "LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/opt/libomp/lib" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-            echo "CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/opt/libomp/include -I/usr/local/opt/abseil/include" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          fi
+          # Use brew --prefix to automatically detect Homebrew installation path
+          HOMEBREW_PREFIX=$(brew --prefix)
+          echo "HOMEBREW_PREFIX=${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "OpenMP_ROOT=${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/opt/libomp" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+          # Set CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH to let CMake find all packages automatically
+          echo "CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+          # Set compiler flags for OpenMP (required for both backends)
+          echo "LDFLAGS=-L${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/opt/libomp/lib" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "CPPFLAGS=-I${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/opt/libomp/include" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Build packages
         run: |
@@ -150,12 +146,10 @@ jobs:
           # Build HNSW backend
           cd packages/leann-backend-hnsw
           if [[ "${{ matrix.os }}" == macos-* ]]; then
-            # Use system clang instead of homebrew LLVM for better compatibility
+            # Use system clang for better compatibility
             export CC=clang
             export CXX=clang++
             export MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=11.0
-            # Ensure CMake can find all Homebrew packages including abseil for protobuf
-            export CMAKE_ARGS="-DOpenMP_ROOT=${OpenMP_ROOT} -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH} -Dabsl_DIR=${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/opt/abseil/lib/cmake/absl"
             uv build --wheel --python python
           else
             uv build --wheel --python python
@@ -165,13 +159,11 @@ jobs:
           # Build DiskANN backend
           cd packages/leann-backend-diskann
           if [[ "${{ matrix.os }}" == macos-* ]]; then
-            # Use system clang instead of homebrew LLVM for better compatibility
+            # Use system clang for better compatibility
             export CC=clang
             export CXX=clang++
             # DiskANN requires macOS 13.3+ for sgesdd_ LAPACK function
             export MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=13.3
-            # Ensure CMake can find all Homebrew packages including abseil for protobuf
-            export CMAKE_ARGS="-DOpenMP_ROOT=${OpenMP_ROOT} -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH} -Dabsl_DIR=${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/opt/abseil/lib/cmake/absl"
             uv build --wheel --python python
           else
             uv build --wheel --python python
diff --git a/packages/leann-backend-hnsw/leann_backend_hnsw/hnsw_embedding_server.py b/packages/leann-backend-hnsw/leann_backend_hnsw/hnsw_embedding_server.py
index 331477f..9275ddc 100644
--- a/packages/leann-backend-hnsw/leann_backend_hnsw/hnsw_embedding_server.py
+++ b/packages/leann-backend-hnsw/leann_backend_hnsw/hnsw_embedding_server.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import sys
 import threading
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Union
 
 import msgpack
 import numpy as np
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ if not logger.handlers:
 
 
 def create_hnsw_embedding_server(
-    passages_file: str | None = None,
+    passages_file: Union[str, None] = None,
     zmq_port: int = 5555,
     model_name: str = "sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2",
     distance_metric: str = "mips",
diff --git a/packages/leann-core/src/leann/chat.py b/packages/leann-core/src/leann/chat.py
index 2d69bec..4fbf5eb 100644
--- a/packages/leann-core/src/leann/chat.py
+++ b/packages/leann-core/src/leann/chat.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import difflib
 import logging
 import os
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Union
 
 import torch
 
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ def search_hf_models(query: str, limit: int = 10) -> list[str]:
     return search_hf_models_fuzzy(query, limit)
 
 
-def validate_model_and_suggest(model_name: str, llm_type: str) -> str | None:
+def validate_model_and_suggest(model_name: str, llm_type: str) -> Union[str, None]:
     """Validate model name and provide suggestions if invalid"""
     if llm_type == "ollama":
         available_models = check_ollama_models()
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ class HFChat(LLMInterface):
 class OpenAIChat(LLMInterface):
     """LLM interface for OpenAI models."""
 
-    def __init__(self, model: str = "gpt-4o", api_key: str | None = None):
+    def __init__(self, model: str = "gpt-4o", api_key: Union[str, None] = None):
         self.model = model
         self.api_key = api_key or os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY")
 
diff --git a/packages/leann-core/src/leann/cli.py b/packages/leann-core/src/leann/cli.py
index 787cadd..5c57f83 100644
--- a/packages/leann-core/src/leann/cli.py
+++ b/packages/leann-core/src/leann/cli.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import argparse
 import asyncio
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Union
 
 from llama_index.core import SimpleDirectoryReader
 from llama_index.core.node_parser import SentenceSplitter
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@ Examples:
                     print(f'  leann search {example_name} "your query"')
                     print(f"  leann ask {example_name} --interactive")
 
-    def load_documents(self, docs_dir: str, custom_file_types: str | None = None):
+    def load_documents(self, docs_dir: str, custom_file_types: Union[str, None] = None):
         print(f"Loading documents from {docs_dir}...")
         if custom_file_types:
             print(f"Using custom file types: {custom_file_types}")
diff --git a/packages/leann-core/src/leann/interface.py b/packages/leann-core/src/leann/interface.py
index d63078b..b98c28d 100644
--- a/packages/leann-core/src/leann/interface.py
+++ b/packages/leann-core/src/leann/interface.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any, Literal
+from typing import Any, Literal, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ class LeannBackendSearcherInterface(ABC):
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def _ensure_server_running(self, passages_source_file: str, port: int | None, **kwargs) -> int:
+    def _ensure_server_running(
+        self, passages_source_file: str, port: Union[int, None], **kwargs
+    ) -> int:
         """Ensure server is running"""
         pass
 
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ class LeannBackendSearcherInterface(ABC):
         prune_ratio: float = 0.0,
         recompute_embeddings: bool = False,
         pruning_strategy: Literal["global", "local", "proportional"] = "global",
-        zmq_port: int | None = None,
+        zmq_port: Union[int, None] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Search for nearest neighbors
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ class LeannBackendSearcherInterface(ABC):
         self,
         query: str,
         use_server_if_available: bool = True,
-        zmq_port: int | None = None,
+        zmq_port: Union[int, None] = None,
     ) -> np.ndarray:
         """Compute embedding for a query string
 
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index d3b42e3..62b52f8 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ leann-backend-diskann = { path = "packages/leann-backend-diskann", editable = tr
 leann-backend-hnsw = { path = "packages/leann-backend-hnsw", editable = true }
 
 [tool.ruff]
-target-version = "py310"
+target-version = "py39"
 line-length = 100
 extend-exclude = [
     "third_party",