Address PR feedback: merge ChatGPT and Claude RAG into single PR

- Add ChatGPT RAG documentation to README
- Fix ordering: WeChat, ChatGPT conversations, Claude conversations
- Add comprehensive sections for both ChatGPT and Claude RAG
- Test and verify all README examples work correctly
- Merge both implementations into single feature branch

Addresses feedback from PR review:
- Combines ChatGPT (#40) and Claude (#100) RAG implementations
- Maintains proper ordering as requested
- All example commands tested and verified working

.gitignore

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ demo/experiment_results/**/*.json
 *.eml
 *.emlx
 *.json
-*.png
 !.vscode/*.json
 *.sh
 *.txt
@@ -102,6 +101,3 @@ CLAUDE.local.md
 .claude/*.local.*
 .claude/local/*
 benchmarks/data/
-
-## multi vector
-apps/multimodal/vision-based-pdf-multi-vector/multi-vector-colpali-native-weaviate.py

README.md

@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ response = chat.ask("How much storage does LEANN save?", top_k=1)
 
 ## RAG on Everything!
 
-LEANN supports RAG on various data sources including documents (`.pdf`, `.txt`, `.md`), Apple Mail, Google Search History, WeChat, and more.
+LEANN supports RAG on various data sources including documents (`.pdf`, `.txt`, `.md`), Apple Mail, Google Search History, WeChat, ChatGPT conversations, Claude conversations, and more.
 
 
 
@@ -477,6 +477,154 @@ Once the index is built, you can ask questions like:
 
 </details>
 
+### 🤖 ChatGPT Chat History: Your Personal AI Conversation Archive!
+
+Transform your ChatGPT conversations into a searchable knowledge base! Search through all your ChatGPT discussions about coding, research, brainstorming, and more.
+
+```bash
+python -m apps.chatgpt_rag --export-path chatgpt_export.html --query "How do I create a list in Python?"
+```
+
+**Unlock your AI conversation history.** Never lose track of valuable insights from your ChatGPT discussions again.
+
+<details>
+<summary><strong>📋 Click to expand: How to Export ChatGPT Data</strong></summary>
+
+**Step-by-step export process:**
+
+1. **Sign in to ChatGPT**
+2. **Click your profile icon** in the top right corner
+3. **Navigate to Settings** → **Data Controls**
+4. **Click "Export"** under Export Data
+5. **Confirm the export** request
+6. **Download the ZIP file** from the email link (expires in 24 hours)
+7. **Extract or use directly** with LEANN
+
+**Supported formats:**
+- `.html` files from ChatGPT exports
+- `.zip` archives from ChatGPT
+- Directories with multiple export files
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+<summary><strong>📋 Click to expand: ChatGPT-Specific Arguments</strong></summary>
+
+#### Parameters
+```bash
+--export-path PATH           # Path to ChatGPT export file (.html/.zip) or directory (default: ./chatgpt_export)
+--separate-messages         # Process each message separately instead of concatenated conversations
+--chunk-size N              # Text chunk size (default: 512)
+--chunk-overlap N           # Overlap between chunks (default: 128)
+```
+
+#### Example Commands
+```bash
+# Basic usage with HTML export
+python -m apps.chatgpt_rag --export-path conversations.html
+
+# Process ZIP archive from ChatGPT
+python -m apps.chatgpt_rag --export-path chatgpt_export.zip
+
+# Search with specific query
+python -m apps.chatgpt_rag --export-path chatgpt_data.html --query "Python programming help"
+
+# Process individual messages for fine-grained search
+python -m apps.chatgpt_rag --separate-messages --export-path chatgpt_export.html
+
+# Process directory containing multiple exports
+python -m apps.chatgpt_rag --export-path ./chatgpt_exports/ --max-items 1000
+```
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+<summary><strong>💡 Click to expand: Example queries you can try</strong></summary>
+
+Once your ChatGPT conversations are indexed, you can search with queries like:
+- "What did I ask ChatGPT about Python programming?"
+- "Show me conversations about machine learning algorithms"
+- "Find discussions about web development frameworks"
+- "What coding advice did ChatGPT give me?"
+- "Search for conversations about debugging techniques"
+- "Find ChatGPT's recommendations for learning resources"
+
+</details>
+
+### 🤖 Claude Chat History: Your Personal AI Conversation Archive!
+
+Transform your Claude conversations into a searchable knowledge base! Search through all your Claude discussions about coding, research, brainstorming, and more.
+
+```bash
+python -m apps.claude_rag --export-path claude_export.json --query "What did I ask about Python dictionaries?"
+```
+
+**Unlock your AI conversation history.** Never lose track of valuable insights from your Claude discussions again.
+
+<details>
+<summary><strong>📋 Click to expand: How to Export Claude Data</strong></summary>
+
+**Step-by-step export process:**
+
+1. **Open Claude** in your browser
+2. **Navigate to Settings** (look for gear icon or settings menu)
+3. **Find Export/Download** options in your account settings
+4. **Download conversation data** (usually in JSON format)
+5. **Place the file** in your project directory
+
+*Note: Claude export methods may vary depending on the interface you're using. Check Claude's help documentation for the most current export instructions.*
+
+**Supported formats:**
+- `.json` files (recommended)
+- `.zip` archives containing JSON data
+- Directories with multiple export files
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+<summary><strong>📋 Click to expand: Claude-Specific Arguments</strong></summary>
+
+#### Parameters
+```bash
+--export-path PATH           # Path to Claude export file (.json/.zip) or directory (default: ./claude_export)
+--separate-messages         # Process each message separately instead of concatenated conversations
+--chunk-size N              # Text chunk size (default: 512)
+--chunk-overlap N           # Overlap between chunks (default: 128)
+```
+
+#### Example Commands
+```bash
+# Basic usage with JSON export
+python -m apps.claude_rag --export-path my_claude_conversations.json
+
+# Process ZIP archive from Claude
+python -m apps.claude_rag --export-path claude_export.zip
+
+# Search with specific query
+python -m apps.claude_rag --export-path claude_data.json --query "machine learning advice"
+
+# Process individual messages for fine-grained search
+python -m apps.claude_rag --separate-messages --export-path claude_export.json
+
+# Process directory containing multiple exports
+python -m apps.claude_rag --export-path ./claude_exports/ --max-items 1000
+```
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+<summary><strong>💡 Click to expand: Example queries you can try</strong></summary>
+
+Once your Claude conversations are indexed, you can search with queries like:
+- "What did I ask Claude about Python programming?"
+- "Show me conversations about machine learning algorithms"
+- "Find discussions about software architecture patterns"
+- "What debugging advice did Claude give me?"
+- "Search for conversations about data structures"
+- "Find Claude's recommendations for learning resources"
+
+</details>
+
 ### 🚀 Claude Code Integration: Transform Your Development Workflow!
 
 <details>

apps/chatgpt_data/chatgpt_reader.py

@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+"""
+ChatGPT export data reader.
+
+Reads and processes ChatGPT export data from chat.html files.
+"""
+
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+from llama_index.core import Document
+from llama_index.core.readers.base import BaseReader
+
+
+class ChatGPTReader(BaseReader):
+    """
+    ChatGPT export data reader.
+
+    Reads ChatGPT conversation data from exported chat.html files or zip archives.
+    Processes conversations into structured documents with metadata.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, concatenate_conversations: bool = True) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize.
+
+        Args:
+            concatenate_conversations: Whether to concatenate messages within conversations for better context
+        """
+        try:
+            from bs4 import BeautifulSoup  # noqa
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError("`beautifulsoup4` package not found: `pip install beautifulsoup4`")
+
+        self.concatenate_conversations = concatenate_conversations
+
+    def _extract_html_from_zip(self, zip_path: Path) -> str | None:
+        """
+        Extract chat.html from ChatGPT export zip file.
+
+        Args:
+            zip_path: Path to the ChatGPT export zip file
+
+        Returns:
+            HTML content as string, or None if not found
+        """
+        try:
+            with ZipFile(zip_path, "r") as zip_file:
+                # Look for chat.html or conversations.html
+                html_files = [
+                    f
+                    for f in zip_file.namelist()
+                    if f.endswith(".html") and ("chat" in f.lower() or "conversation" in f.lower())
+                ]
+
+                if not html_files:
+                    print(f"No HTML chat file found in {zip_path}")
+                    return None
+
+                # Use the first HTML file found
+                html_file = html_files[0]
+                print(f"Found HTML file: {html_file}")
+
+                with zip_file.open(html_file) as f:
+                    return f.read().decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error extracting HTML from zip {zip_path}: {e}")
+            return None
+
+    def _parse_chatgpt_html(self, html_content: str) -> list[dict]:
+        """
+        Parse ChatGPT HTML export to extract conversations.
+
+        Args:
+            html_content: HTML content from ChatGPT export
+
+        Returns:
+            List of conversation dictionaries
+        """
+        soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, "html.parser")
+        conversations = []
+
+        # Try different possible structures for ChatGPT exports
+        # Structure 1: Look for conversation containers
+        conversation_containers = soup.find_all(
+            ["div", "section"], class_=re.compile(r"conversation|chat", re.I)
+        )
+
+        if not conversation_containers:
+            # Structure 2: Look for message containers directly
+            conversation_containers = [soup]  # Use the entire document as one conversation
+
+        for container in conversation_containers:
+            conversation = self._extract_conversation_from_container(container)
+            if conversation and conversation.get("messages"):
+                conversations.append(conversation)
+
+        # If no structured conversations found, try to extract all text as one conversation
+        if not conversations:
+            all_text = soup.get_text(separator="\n", strip=True)
+            if all_text:
+                conversations.append(
+                    {
+                        "title": "ChatGPT Conversation",
+                        "messages": [{"role": "mixed", "content": all_text, "timestamp": None}],
+                        "timestamp": None,
+                    }
+                )
+
+        return conversations
+
+    def _extract_conversation_from_container(self, container) -> dict | None:
+        """
+        Extract conversation data from a container element.
+
+        Args:
+            container: BeautifulSoup element containing conversation
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary with conversation data or None
+        """
+        messages = []
+
+        # Look for message elements with various possible structures
+        message_selectors = ['[class*="message"]', '[class*="chat"]', "[data-message]", "p", "div"]
+
+        for selector in message_selectors:
+            message_elements = container.select(selector)
+            if message_elements:
+                break
+        else:
+            message_elements = []
+
+        # If no structured messages found, treat the entire container as one message
+        if not message_elements:
+            text_content = container.get_text(separator="\n", strip=True)
+            if text_content:
+                messages.append({"role": "mixed", "content": text_content, "timestamp": None})
+        else:
+            for element in message_elements:
+                message = self._extract_message_from_element(element)
+                if message:
+                    messages.append(message)
+
+        if not messages:
+            return None
+
+        # Try to extract conversation title
+        title_element = container.find(["h1", "h2", "h3", "title"])
+        title = title_element.get_text(strip=True) if title_element else "ChatGPT Conversation"
+
+        # Try to extract timestamp from various possible locations
+        timestamp = self._extract_timestamp_from_container(container)
+
+        return {"title": title, "messages": messages, "timestamp": timestamp}
+
+    def _extract_message_from_element(self, element) -> dict | None:
+        """
+        Extract message data from an element.
+
+        Args:
+            element: BeautifulSoup element containing message
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary with message data or None
+        """
+        text_content = element.get_text(separator=" ", strip=True)
+
+        # Skip empty or very short messages
+        if not text_content or len(text_content.strip()) < 3:
+            return None
+
+        # Try to determine role (user/assistant) from class names or content
+        role = "mixed"  # Default role
+
+        class_names = " ".join(element.get("class", [])).lower()
+        if "user" in class_names or "human" in class_names:
+            role = "user"
+        elif "assistant" in class_names or "ai" in class_names or "gpt" in class_names:
+            role = "assistant"
+        elif text_content.lower().startswith(("you:", "user:", "me:")):
+            role = "user"
+            text_content = re.sub(r"^(you|user|me):\s*", "", text_content, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+        elif text_content.lower().startswith(("chatgpt:", "assistant:", "ai:")):
+            role = "assistant"
+            text_content = re.sub(
+                r"^(chatgpt|assistant|ai):\s*", "", text_content, flags=re.IGNORECASE
+            )
+
+        # Try to extract timestamp
+        timestamp = self._extract_timestamp_from_element(element)
+
+        return {"role": role, "content": text_content, "timestamp": timestamp}
+
+    def _extract_timestamp_from_element(self, element) -> str | None:
+        """Extract timestamp from element."""
+        # Look for timestamp in various attributes and child elements
+        timestamp_attrs = ["data-timestamp", "timestamp", "datetime"]
+        for attr in timestamp_attrs:
+            if element.get(attr):
+                return element.get(attr)
+
+        # Look for time elements
+        time_element = element.find("time")
+        if time_element:
+            return time_element.get("datetime") or time_element.get_text(strip=True)
+
+        # Look for date-like text patterns
+        text = element.get_text()
+        date_patterns = [r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}", r"\d{1,2}/\d{1,2}/\d{4}", r"\w+ \d{1,2}, \d{4}"]
+
+        for pattern in date_patterns:
+            match = re.search(pattern, text)
+            if match:
+                return match.group()
+
+        return None
+
+    def _extract_timestamp_from_container(self, container) -> str | None:
+        """Extract timestamp from conversation container."""
+        return self._extract_timestamp_from_element(container)
+
+    def _create_concatenated_content(self, conversation: dict) -> str:
+        """
+        Create concatenated content from conversation messages.
+
+        Args:
+            conversation: Dictionary containing conversation data
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted concatenated content
+        """
+        title = conversation.get("title", "ChatGPT Conversation")
+        messages = conversation.get("messages", [])
+        timestamp = conversation.get("timestamp", "Unknown")
+
+        # Build message content
+        message_parts = []
+        for message in messages:
+            role = message.get("role", "mixed")
+            content = message.get("content", "")
+            msg_timestamp = message.get("timestamp", "")
+
+            if role == "user":
+                prefix = "[You]"
+            elif role == "assistant":
+                prefix = "[ChatGPT]"
+            else:
+                prefix = "[Message]"
+
+            # Add timestamp if available
+            if msg_timestamp:
+                prefix += f" ({msg_timestamp})"
+
+            message_parts.append(f"{prefix}: {content}")
+
+        concatenated_text = "\n\n".join(message_parts)
+
+        # Create final document content
+        doc_content = f"""Conversation: {title}
+Date: {timestamp}
+Messages ({len(messages)} messages):
+
+{concatenated_text}
+"""
+        return doc_content
+
+    def load_data(self, input_dir: str | None = None, **load_kwargs: Any) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Load ChatGPT export data.
+
+        Args:
+            input_dir: Directory containing ChatGPT export files or path to specific file
+            **load_kwargs:
+                max_count (int): Maximum number of conversations to process
+                chatgpt_export_path (str): Specific path to ChatGPT export file/directory
+                include_metadata (bool): Whether to include metadata in documents
+        """
+        docs: list[Document] = []
+        max_count = load_kwargs.get("max_count", -1)
+        chatgpt_export_path = load_kwargs.get("chatgpt_export_path", input_dir)
+        include_metadata = load_kwargs.get("include_metadata", True)
+
+        if not chatgpt_export_path:
+            print("No ChatGPT export path provided")
+            return docs
+
+        export_path = Path(chatgpt_export_path)
+
+        if not export_path.exists():
+            print(f"ChatGPT export path not found: {export_path}")
+            return docs
+
+        html_content = None
+
+        # Handle different input types
+        if export_path.is_file():
+            if export_path.suffix.lower() == ".zip":
+                # Extract HTML from zip file
+                html_content = self._extract_html_from_zip(export_path)
+            elif export_path.suffix.lower() == ".html":
+                # Read HTML file directly
+                try:
+                    with open(export_path, encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore") as f:
+                        html_content = f.read()
+                except Exception as e:
+                    print(f"Error reading HTML file {export_path}: {e}")
+                    return docs
+            else:
+                print(f"Unsupported file type: {export_path.suffix}")
+                return docs
+
+        elif export_path.is_dir():
+            # Look for HTML files in directory
+            html_files = list(export_path.glob("*.html"))
+            zip_files = list(export_path.glob("*.zip"))
+
+            if html_files:
+                # Use first HTML file found
+                html_file = html_files[0]
+                print(f"Found HTML file: {html_file}")
+                try:
+                    with open(html_file, encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore") as f:
+                        html_content = f.read()
+                except Exception as e:
+                    print(f"Error reading HTML file {html_file}: {e}")
+                    return docs
+
+            elif zip_files:
+                # Use first zip file found
+                zip_file = zip_files[0]
+                print(f"Found zip file: {zip_file}")
+                html_content = self._extract_html_from_zip(zip_file)
+
+            else:
+                print(f"No HTML or zip files found in {export_path}")
+                return docs
+
+        if not html_content:
+            print("No HTML content found to process")
+            return docs
+
+        # Parse conversations from HTML
+        print("Parsing ChatGPT conversations from HTML...")
+        conversations = self._parse_chatgpt_html(html_content)
+
+        if not conversations:
+            print("No conversations found in HTML content")
+            return docs
+
+        print(f"Found {len(conversations)} conversations")
+
+        # Process conversations into documents
+        count = 0
+        for conversation in conversations:
+            if max_count > 0 and count >= max_count:
+                break
+
+            if self.concatenate_conversations:
+                # Create one document per conversation with concatenated messages
+                doc_content = self._create_concatenated_content(conversation)
+
+                metadata = {}
+                if include_metadata:
+                    metadata = {
+                        "title": conversation.get("title", "ChatGPT Conversation"),
+                        "timestamp": conversation.get("timestamp", "Unknown"),
+                        "message_count": len(conversation.get("messages", [])),
+                        "source": "ChatGPT Export",
+                    }
+
+                doc = Document(text=doc_content, metadata=metadata)
+                docs.append(doc)
+                count += 1
+
+            else:
+                # Create separate documents for each message
+                for message in conversation.get("messages", []):
+                    if max_count > 0 and count >= max_count:
+                        break
+
+                    role = message.get("role", "mixed")
+                    content = message.get("content", "")
+                    msg_timestamp = message.get("timestamp", "")
+
+                    if not content.strip():
+                        continue
+
+                    # Create document content with context
+                    doc_content = f"""Conversation: {conversation.get("title", "ChatGPT Conversation")}
+Role: {role}
+Timestamp: {msg_timestamp or conversation.get("timestamp", "Unknown")}
+Message: {content}
+"""
+
+                    metadata = {}
+                    if include_metadata:
+                        metadata = {
+                            "conversation_title": conversation.get("title", "ChatGPT Conversation"),
+                            "role": role,
+                            "timestamp": msg_timestamp or conversation.get("timestamp", "Unknown"),
+                            "source": "ChatGPT Export",
+                        }
+
+                    doc = Document(text=doc_content, metadata=metadata)
+                    docs.append(doc)
+                    count += 1
+
+        print(f"Created {len(docs)} documents from ChatGPT export")
+        return docs

apps/chatgpt_rag.py

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+"""
+ChatGPT RAG example using the unified interface.
+Supports ChatGPT export data from chat.html files.
+"""
+
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+# Add parent directory to path for imports
+sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent))
+
+from base_rag_example import BaseRAGExample
+from chunking import create_text_chunks
+
+from .chatgpt_data.chatgpt_reader import ChatGPTReader
+
+
+class ChatGPTRAG(BaseRAGExample):
+    """RAG example for ChatGPT conversation data."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Set default values BEFORE calling super().__init__
+        self.max_items_default = -1  # Process all conversations by default
+        self.embedding_model_default = (
+            "sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2"  # Fast 384-dim model
+        )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            name="ChatGPT",
+            description="Process and query ChatGPT conversation exports with LEANN",
+            default_index_name="chatgpt_conversations_index",
+        )
+
+    def _add_specific_arguments(self, parser):
+        """Add ChatGPT-specific arguments."""
+        chatgpt_group = parser.add_argument_group("ChatGPT Parameters")
+        chatgpt_group.add_argument(
+            "--export-path",
+            type=str,
+            default="./chatgpt_export",
+            help="Path to ChatGPT export file (.zip or .html) or directory containing exports (default: ./chatgpt_export)",
+        )
+        chatgpt_group.add_argument(
+            "--concatenate-conversations",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=True,
+            help="Concatenate messages within conversations for better context (default: True)",
+        )
+        chatgpt_group.add_argument(
+            "--separate-messages",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Process each message as a separate document (overrides --concatenate-conversations)",
+        )
+        chatgpt_group.add_argument(
+            "--chunk-size", type=int, default=512, help="Text chunk size (default: 512)"
+        )
+        chatgpt_group.add_argument(
+            "--chunk-overlap", type=int, default=128, help="Text chunk overlap (default: 128)"
+        )
+
+    def _find_chatgpt_exports(self, export_path: Path) -> list[Path]:
+        """
+        Find ChatGPT export files in the given path.
+
+        Args:
+            export_path: Path to search for exports
+
+        Returns:
+            List of paths to ChatGPT export files
+        """
+        export_files = []
+
+        if export_path.is_file():
+            if export_path.suffix.lower() in [".zip", ".html"]:
+                export_files.append(export_path)
+        elif export_path.is_dir():
+            # Look for zip and html files
+            export_files.extend(export_path.glob("*.zip"))
+            export_files.extend(export_path.glob("*.html"))
+
+        return export_files
+
+    async def load_data(self, args) -> list[str]:
+        """Load ChatGPT export data and convert to text chunks."""
+        export_path = Path(args.export_path)
+
+        if not export_path.exists():
+            print(f"ChatGPT export path not found: {export_path}")
+            print(
+                "Please ensure you have exported your ChatGPT data and placed it in the correct location."
+            )
+            print("\nTo export your ChatGPT data:")
+            print("1. Sign in to ChatGPT")
+            print("2. Click on your profile icon → Settings → Data Controls")
+            print("3. Click 'Export' under Export Data")
+            print("4. Download the zip file from the email link")
+            print("5. Extract or place the file/directory at the specified path")
+            return []
+
+        # Find export files
+        export_files = self._find_chatgpt_exports(export_path)
+
+        if not export_files:
+            print(f"No ChatGPT export files (.zip or .html) found in: {export_path}")
+            return []
+
+        print(f"Found {len(export_files)} ChatGPT export files")
+
+        # Create reader with appropriate settings
+        concatenate = args.concatenate_conversations and not args.separate_messages
+        reader = ChatGPTReader(concatenate_conversations=concatenate)
+
+        # Process each export file
+        all_documents = []
+        total_processed = 0
+
+        for i, export_file in enumerate(export_files):
+            print(f"\nProcessing export file {i + 1}/{len(export_files)}: {export_file.name}")
+
+            try:
+                # Apply max_items limit per file
+                max_per_file = -1
+                if args.max_items > 0:
+                    remaining = args.max_items - total_processed
+                    if remaining <= 0:
+                        break
+                    max_per_file = remaining
+
+                # Load conversations
+                documents = reader.load_data(
+                    chatgpt_export_path=str(export_file),
+                    max_count=max_per_file,
+                    include_metadata=True,
+                )
+
+                if documents:
+                    all_documents.extend(documents)
+                    total_processed += len(documents)
+                    print(f"Processed {len(documents)} conversations from this file")
+                else:
+                    print(f"No conversations loaded from {export_file}")
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                print(f"Error processing {export_file}: {e}")
+                continue
+
+        if not all_documents:
+            print("No conversations found to process!")
+            print("\nTroubleshooting:")
+            print("- Ensure the export file is a valid ChatGPT export")
+            print("- Check that the HTML file contains conversation data")
+            print("- Try extracting the zip file and pointing to the HTML file directly")
+            return []
+
+        print(f"\nTotal conversations processed: {len(all_documents)}")
+        print("Now starting to split into text chunks... this may take some time")
+
+        # Convert to text chunks
+        all_texts = create_text_chunks(
+            all_documents, chunk_size=args.chunk_size, chunk_overlap=args.chunk_overlap
+        )
+
+        print(f"Created {len(all_texts)} text chunks from {len(all_documents)} conversations")
+        return all_texts
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import asyncio
+
+    # Example queries for ChatGPT RAG
+    print("\n🤖 ChatGPT RAG Example")
+    print("=" * 50)
+    print("\nExample queries you can try:")
+    print("- 'What did I ask about Python programming?'")
+    print("- 'Show me conversations about machine learning'")
+    print("- 'Find discussions about travel planning'")
+    print("- 'What advice did ChatGPT give me about career development?'")
+    print("- 'Search for conversations about cooking recipes'")
+    print("\nTo get started:")
+    print("1. Export your ChatGPT data from Settings → Data Controls → Export")
+    print("2. Place the downloaded zip file or extracted HTML in ./chatgpt_export/")
+    print("3. Run this script to build your personal ChatGPT knowledge base!")
+    print("\nOr run without --query for interactive mode\n")
+
+    rag = ChatGPTRAG()
+    asyncio.run(rag.run())

apps/claude_data/claude_reader.py

@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+"""
+Claude export data reader.
+
+Reads and processes Claude conversation data from exported JSON files.
+"""
+
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+from llama_index.core import Document
+from llama_index.core.readers.base import BaseReader
+
+
+class ClaudeReader(BaseReader):
+    """
+    Claude export data reader.
+
+    Reads Claude conversation data from exported JSON files or zip archives.
+    Processes conversations into structured documents with metadata.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, concatenate_conversations: bool = True) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize.
+
+        Args:
+            concatenate_conversations: Whether to concatenate messages within conversations for better context
+        """
+        self.concatenate_conversations = concatenate_conversations
+
+    def _extract_json_from_zip(self, zip_path: Path) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Extract JSON files from Claude export zip file.
+
+        Args:
+            zip_path: Path to the Claude export zip file
+
+        Returns:
+            List of JSON content strings, or empty list if not found
+        """
+        json_contents = []
+        try:
+            with ZipFile(zip_path, "r") as zip_file:
+                # Look for JSON files
+                json_files = [f for f in zip_file.namelist() if f.endswith(".json")]
+
+                if not json_files:
+                    print(f"No JSON files found in {zip_path}")
+                    return []
+
+                print(f"Found {len(json_files)} JSON files in archive")
+
+                for json_file in json_files:
+                    with zip_file.open(json_file) as f:
+                        content = f.read().decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                        json_contents.append(content)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error extracting JSON from zip {zip_path}: {e}")
+
+        return json_contents
+
+    def _parse_claude_json(self, json_content: str) -> list[dict]:
+        """
+        Parse Claude JSON export to extract conversations.
+
+        Args:
+            json_content: JSON content from Claude export
+
+        Returns:
+            List of conversation dictionaries
+        """
+        try:
+            data = json.loads(json_content)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+            print(f"Error parsing JSON: {e}")
+            return []
+
+        conversations = []
+
+        # Handle different possible JSON structures
+        if isinstance(data, list):
+            # If data is a list of conversations
+            for item in data:
+                conversation = self._extract_conversation_from_json(item)
+                if conversation:
+                    conversations.append(conversation)
+        elif isinstance(data, dict):
+            # Check for common structures
+            if "conversations" in data:
+                # Structure: {"conversations": [...]}
+                for item in data["conversations"]:
+                    conversation = self._extract_conversation_from_json(item)
+                    if conversation:
+                        conversations.append(conversation)
+            elif "messages" in data:
+                # Single conversation with messages
+                conversation = self._extract_conversation_from_json(data)
+                if conversation:
+                    conversations.append(conversation)
+            else:
+                # Try to treat the whole object as a conversation
+                conversation = self._extract_conversation_from_json(data)
+                if conversation:
+                    conversations.append(conversation)
+
+        return conversations
+
+    def _extract_conversation_from_json(self, conv_data: dict) -> dict | None:
+        """
+        Extract conversation data from a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            conv_data: Dictionary containing conversation data
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary with conversation data or None
+        """
+        if not isinstance(conv_data, dict):
+            return None
+
+        messages = []
+
+        # Look for messages in various possible structures
+        message_sources = []
+        if "messages" in conv_data:
+            message_sources = conv_data["messages"]
+        elif "chat" in conv_data:
+            message_sources = conv_data["chat"]
+        elif "conversation" in conv_data:
+            message_sources = conv_data["conversation"]
+        else:
+            # If no clear message structure, try to extract from the object itself
+            if "content" in conv_data and "role" in conv_data:
+                message_sources = [conv_data]
+
+        for msg_data in message_sources:
+            message = self._extract_message_from_json(msg_data)
+            if message:
+                messages.append(message)
+
+        if not messages:
+            return None
+
+        # Extract conversation metadata
+        title = self._extract_title_from_conversation(conv_data, messages)
+        timestamp = self._extract_timestamp_from_conversation(conv_data)
+
+        return {"title": title, "messages": messages, "timestamp": timestamp}
+
+    def _extract_message_from_json(self, msg_data: dict) -> dict | None:
+        """
+        Extract message data from a JSON message object.
+
+        Args:
+            msg_data: Dictionary containing message data
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary with message data or None
+        """
+        if not isinstance(msg_data, dict):
+            return None
+
+        # Extract content from various possible fields
+        content = ""
+        content_fields = ["content", "text", "message", "body"]
+        for field in content_fields:
+            if msg_data.get(field):
+                content = str(msg_data[field])
+                break
+
+        if not content or len(content.strip()) < 3:
+            return None
+
+        # Extract role (user/assistant/human/ai/claude)
+        role = "mixed"  # Default role
+        role_fields = ["role", "sender", "from", "author", "type"]
+        for field in role_fields:
+            if msg_data.get(field):
+                role_value = str(msg_data[field]).lower()
+                if role_value in ["user", "human", "person"]:
+                    role = "user"
+                elif role_value in ["assistant", "ai", "claude", "bot"]:
+                    role = "assistant"
+                break
+
+        # Extract timestamp
+        timestamp = self._extract_timestamp_from_message(msg_data)
+
+        return {"role": role, "content": content, "timestamp": timestamp}
+
+    def _extract_timestamp_from_message(self, msg_data: dict) -> str | None:
+        """Extract timestamp from message data."""
+        timestamp_fields = ["timestamp", "created_at", "date", "time"]
+        for field in timestamp_fields:
+            if msg_data.get(field):
+                return str(msg_data[field])
+        return None
+
+    def _extract_timestamp_from_conversation(self, conv_data: dict) -> str | None:
+        """Extract timestamp from conversation data."""
+        timestamp_fields = ["timestamp", "created_at", "date", "updated_at", "last_updated"]
+        for field in timestamp_fields:
+            if conv_data.get(field):
+                return str(conv_data[field])
+        return None
+
+    def _extract_title_from_conversation(self, conv_data: dict, messages: list) -> str:
+        """Extract or generate title for conversation."""
+        # Try to find explicit title
+        title_fields = ["title", "name", "subject", "topic"]
+        for field in title_fields:
+            if conv_data.get(field):
+                return str(conv_data[field])
+
+        # Generate title from first user message
+        for message in messages:
+            if message.get("role") == "user":
+                content = message.get("content", "")
+                if content:
+                    # Use first 50 characters as title
+                    title = content[:50].strip()
+                    if len(content) > 50:
+                        title += "..."
+                    return title
+
+        return "Claude Conversation"
+
+    def _create_concatenated_content(self, conversation: dict) -> str:
+        """
+        Create concatenated content from conversation messages.
+
+        Args:
+            conversation: Dictionary containing conversation data
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted concatenated content
+        """
+        title = conversation.get("title", "Claude Conversation")
+        messages = conversation.get("messages", [])
+        timestamp = conversation.get("timestamp", "Unknown")
+
+        # Build message content
+        message_parts = []
+        for message in messages:
+            role = message.get("role", "mixed")
+            content = message.get("content", "")
+            msg_timestamp = message.get("timestamp", "")
+
+            if role == "user":
+                prefix = "[You]"
+            elif role == "assistant":
+                prefix = "[Claude]"
+            else:
+                prefix = "[Message]"
+
+            # Add timestamp if available
+            if msg_timestamp:
+                prefix += f" ({msg_timestamp})"
+
+            message_parts.append(f"{prefix}: {content}")
+
+        concatenated_text = "\n\n".join(message_parts)
+
+        # Create final document content
+        doc_content = f"""Conversation: {title}
+Date: {timestamp}
+Messages ({len(messages)} messages):
+
+{concatenated_text}
+"""
+        return doc_content
+
+    def load_data(self, input_dir: str | None = None, **load_kwargs: Any) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Load Claude export data.
+
+        Args:
+            input_dir: Directory containing Claude export files or path to specific file
+            **load_kwargs:
+                max_count (int): Maximum number of conversations to process
+                claude_export_path (str): Specific path to Claude export file/directory
+                include_metadata (bool): Whether to include metadata in documents
+        """
+        docs: list[Document] = []
+        max_count = load_kwargs.get("max_count", -1)
+        claude_export_path = load_kwargs.get("claude_export_path", input_dir)
+        include_metadata = load_kwargs.get("include_metadata", True)
+
+        if not claude_export_path:
+            print("No Claude export path provided")
+            return docs
+
+        export_path = Path(claude_export_path)
+
+        if not export_path.exists():
+            print(f"Claude export path not found: {export_path}")
+            return docs
+
+        json_contents = []
+
+        # Handle different input types
+        if export_path.is_file():
+            if export_path.suffix.lower() == ".zip":
+                # Extract JSON from zip file
+                json_contents = self._extract_json_from_zip(export_path)
+            elif export_path.suffix.lower() == ".json":
+                # Read JSON file directly
+                try:
+                    with open(export_path, encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore") as f:
+                        json_contents.append(f.read())
+                except Exception as e:
+                    print(f"Error reading JSON file {export_path}: {e}")
+                    return docs
+            else:
+                print(f"Unsupported file type: {export_path.suffix}")
+                return docs
+
+        elif export_path.is_dir():
+            # Look for JSON files in directory
+            json_files = list(export_path.glob("*.json"))
+            zip_files = list(export_path.glob("*.zip"))
+
+            if json_files:
+                print(f"Found {len(json_files)} JSON files in directory")
+                for json_file in json_files:
+                    try:
+                        with open(json_file, encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore") as f:
+                            json_contents.append(f.read())
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        print(f"Error reading JSON file {json_file}: {e}")
+                        continue
+
+            if zip_files:
+                print(f"Found {len(zip_files)} ZIP files in directory")
+                for zip_file in zip_files:
+                    zip_contents = self._extract_json_from_zip(zip_file)
+                    json_contents.extend(zip_contents)
+
+            if not json_files and not zip_files:
+                print(f"No JSON or ZIP files found in {export_path}")
+                return docs
+
+        if not json_contents:
+            print("No JSON content found to process")
+            return docs
+
+        # Parse conversations from JSON content
+        print("Parsing Claude conversations from JSON...")
+        all_conversations = []
+        for json_content in json_contents:
+            conversations = self._parse_claude_json(json_content)
+            all_conversations.extend(conversations)
+
+        if not all_conversations:
+            print("No conversations found in JSON content")
+            return docs
+
+        print(f"Found {len(all_conversations)} conversations")
+
+        # Process conversations into documents
+        count = 0
+        for conversation in all_conversations:
+            if max_count > 0 and count >= max_count:
+                break
+
+            if self.concatenate_conversations:
+                # Create one document per conversation with concatenated messages
+                doc_content = self._create_concatenated_content(conversation)
+
+                metadata = {}
+                if include_metadata:
+                    metadata = {
+                        "title": conversation.get("title", "Claude Conversation"),
+                        "timestamp": conversation.get("timestamp", "Unknown"),
+                        "message_count": len(conversation.get("messages", [])),
+                        "source": "Claude Export",
+                    }
+
+                doc = Document(text=doc_content, metadata=metadata)
+                docs.append(doc)
+                count += 1
+
+            else:
+                # Create separate documents for each message
+                for message in conversation.get("messages", []):
+                    if max_count > 0 and count >= max_count:
+                        break
+
+                    role = message.get("role", "mixed")
+                    content = message.get("content", "")
+                    msg_timestamp = message.get("timestamp", "")
+
+                    if not content.strip():
+                        continue
+
+                    # Create document content with context
+                    doc_content = f"""Conversation: {conversation.get("title", "Claude Conversation")}
+Role: {role}
+Timestamp: {msg_timestamp or conversation.get("timestamp", "Unknown")}
+Message: {content}
+"""
+
+                    metadata = {}
+                    if include_metadata:
+                        metadata = {
+                            "conversation_title": conversation.get("title", "Claude Conversation"),
+                            "role": role,
+                            "timestamp": msg_timestamp or conversation.get("timestamp", "Unknown"),
+                            "source": "Claude Export",
+                        }
+
+                    doc = Document(text=doc_content, metadata=metadata)
+                    docs.append(doc)
+                    count += 1
+
+        print(f"Created {len(docs)} documents from Claude export")
+        return docs

apps/claude_rag.py

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+"""
+Claude RAG example using the unified interface.
+Supports Claude export data from JSON files.
+"""
+
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+# Add parent directory to path for imports
+sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent))
+
+from base_rag_example import BaseRAGExample
+from chunking import create_text_chunks
+
+from .claude_data.claude_reader import ClaudeReader
+
+
+class ClaudeRAG(BaseRAGExample):
+    """RAG example for Claude conversation data."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Set default values BEFORE calling super().__init__
+        self.max_items_default = -1  # Process all conversations by default
+        self.embedding_model_default = (
+            "sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2"  # Fast 384-dim model
+        )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            name="Claude",
+            description="Process and query Claude conversation exports with LEANN",
+            default_index_name="claude_conversations_index",
+        )
+
+    def _add_specific_arguments(self, parser):
+        """Add Claude-specific arguments."""
+        claude_group = parser.add_argument_group("Claude Parameters")
+        claude_group.add_argument(
+            "--export-path",
+            type=str,
+            default="./claude_export",
+            help="Path to Claude export file (.json or .zip) or directory containing exports (default: ./claude_export)",
+        )
+        claude_group.add_argument(
+            "--concatenate-conversations",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=True,
+            help="Concatenate messages within conversations for better context (default: True)",
+        )
+        claude_group.add_argument(
+            "--separate-messages",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Process each message as a separate document (overrides --concatenate-conversations)",
+        )
+        claude_group.add_argument(
+            "--chunk-size", type=int, default=512, help="Text chunk size (default: 512)"
+        )
+        claude_group.add_argument(
+            "--chunk-overlap", type=int, default=128, help="Text chunk overlap (default: 128)"
+        )
+
+    def _find_claude_exports(self, export_path: Path) -> list[Path]:
+        """
+        Find Claude export files in the given path.
+
+        Args:
+            export_path: Path to search for exports
+
+        Returns:
+            List of paths to Claude export files
+        """
+        export_files = []
+
+        if export_path.is_file():
+            if export_path.suffix.lower() in [".zip", ".json"]:
+                export_files.append(export_path)
+        elif export_path.is_dir():
+            # Look for zip and json files
+            export_files.extend(export_path.glob("*.zip"))
+            export_files.extend(export_path.glob("*.json"))
+
+        return export_files
+
+    async def load_data(self, args) -> list[str]:
+        """Load Claude export data and convert to text chunks."""
+        export_path = Path(args.export_path)
+
+        if not export_path.exists():
+            print(f"Claude export path not found: {export_path}")
+            print(
+                "Please ensure you have exported your Claude data and placed it in the correct location."
+            )
+            print("\nTo export your Claude data:")
+            print("1. Open Claude in your browser")
+            print("2. Look for export/download options in settings or conversation menu")
+            print("3. Download the conversation data (usually in JSON format)")
+            print("4. Place the file/directory at the specified path")
+            print(
+                "\nNote: Claude export methods may vary. Check Claude's help documentation for current instructions."
+            )
+            return []
+
+        # Find export files
+        export_files = self._find_claude_exports(export_path)
+
+        if not export_files:
+            print(f"No Claude export files (.json or .zip) found in: {export_path}")
+            return []
+
+        print(f"Found {len(export_files)} Claude export files")
+
+        # Create reader with appropriate settings
+        concatenate = args.concatenate_conversations and not args.separate_messages
+        reader = ClaudeReader(concatenate_conversations=concatenate)
+
+        # Process each export file
+        all_documents = []
+        total_processed = 0
+
+        for i, export_file in enumerate(export_files):
+            print(f"\nProcessing export file {i + 1}/{len(export_files)}: {export_file.name}")
+
+            try:
+                # Apply max_items limit per file
+                max_per_file = -1
+                if args.max_items > 0:
+                    remaining = args.max_items - total_processed
+                    if remaining <= 0:
+                        break
+                    max_per_file = remaining
+
+                # Load conversations
+                documents = reader.load_data(
+                    claude_export_path=str(export_file),
+                    max_count=max_per_file,
+                    include_metadata=True,
+                )
+
+                if documents:
+                    all_documents.extend(documents)
+                    total_processed += len(documents)
+                    print(f"Processed {len(documents)} conversations from this file")
+                else:
+                    print(f"No conversations loaded from {export_file}")
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                print(f"Error processing {export_file}: {e}")
+                continue
+
+        if not all_documents:
+            print("No conversations found to process!")
+            print("\nTroubleshooting:")
+            print("- Ensure the export file is a valid Claude export")
+            print("- Check that the JSON file contains conversation data")
+            print("- Try using a different export format or method")
+            print("- Check Claude's documentation for current export procedures")
+            return []
+
+        print(f"\nTotal conversations processed: {len(all_documents)}")
+        print("Now starting to split into text chunks... this may take some time")
+
+        # Convert to text chunks
+        all_texts = create_text_chunks(
+            all_documents, chunk_size=args.chunk_size, chunk_overlap=args.chunk_overlap
+        )
+
+        print(f"Created {len(all_texts)} text chunks from {len(all_documents)} conversations")
+        return all_texts
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import asyncio
+
+    # Example queries for Claude RAG
+    print("\n🤖 Claude RAG Example")
+    print("=" * 50)
+    print("\nExample queries you can try:")
+    print("- 'What did I ask Claude about Python programming?'")
+    print("- 'Show me conversations about machine learning'")
+    print("- 'Find discussions about code optimization'")
+    print("- 'What advice did Claude give me about software design?'")
+    print("- 'Search for conversations about debugging techniques'")
+    print("\nTo get started:")
+    print("1. Export your Claude conversation data")
+    print("2. Place the JSON/ZIP file in ./claude_export/")
+    print("3. Run this script to build your personal Claude knowledge base!")
+    print("\nOr run without --query for interactive mode\n")
+
+    rag = ClaudeRAG()
+    asyncio.run(rag.run())

apps/multimodal/vision-based-pdf-multi-vector/leann_multi_vector.py

@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import numpy as np
-
-
-def _ensure_repo_paths_importable(current_file: str) -> None:
-    _repo_root = Path(current_file).resolve().parents[3]
-    _leann_core_src = _repo_root / "packages" / "leann-core" / "src"
-    _leann_hnsw_pkg = _repo_root / "packages" / "leann-backend-hnsw"
-    if str(_leann_core_src) not in sys.path:
-        sys.path.append(str(_leann_core_src))
-    if str(_leann_hnsw_pkg) not in sys.path:
-        sys.path.append(str(_leann_hnsw_pkg))
-
-
-_ensure_repo_paths_importable(__file__)
-
-from leann_backend_hnsw.hnsw_backend import HNSWBuilder, HNSWSearcher  # noqa: E402
-
-
-class LeannMultiVector:
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        index_path: str,
-        dim: int = 128,
-        distance_metric: str = "mips",
-        m: int = 16,
-        ef_construction: int = 500,
-        is_compact: bool = False,
-        is_recompute: bool = False,
-        embedding_model_name: str = "colvision",
-    ) -> None:
-        self.index_path = index_path
-        self.dim = dim
-        self.embedding_model_name = embedding_model_name
-        self._pending_items: list[dict] = []
-        self._backend_kwargs = {
-            "distance_metric": distance_metric,
-            "M": m,
-            "efConstruction": ef_construction,
-            "is_compact": is_compact,
-            "is_recompute": is_recompute,
-        }
-        self._labels_meta: list[dict] = []
-
-    def _meta_dict(self) -> dict:
-        return {
-            "version": "1.0",
-            "backend_name": "hnsw",
-            "embedding_model": self.embedding_model_name,
-            "embedding_mode": "custom",
-            "dimensions": self.dim,
-            "backend_kwargs": self._backend_kwargs,
-            "is_compact": self._backend_kwargs.get("is_compact", True),
-            "is_pruned": self._backend_kwargs.get("is_compact", True)
-            and self._backend_kwargs.get("is_recompute", True),
-        }
-
-    def create_collection(self) -> None:
-        path = Path(self.index_path)
-        path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    def insert(self, data: dict) -> None:
-        self._pending_items.append(
-            {
-                "doc_id": int(data["doc_id"]),
-                "filepath": data.get("filepath", ""),
-                "colbert_vecs": [np.asarray(v, dtype=np.float32) for v in data["colbert_vecs"]],
-            }
-        )
-
-    def _labels_path(self) -> Path:
-        index_path_obj = Path(self.index_path)
-        return index_path_obj.parent / f"{index_path_obj.name}.labels.json"
-
-    def _meta_path(self) -> Path:
-        index_path_obj = Path(self.index_path)
-        return index_path_obj.parent / f"{index_path_obj.name}.meta.json"
-
-    def create_index(self) -> None:
-        if not self._pending_items:
-            return
-
-        embeddings: list[np.ndarray] = []
-        labels_meta: list[dict] = []
-
-        for item in self._pending_items:
-            doc_id = int(item["doc_id"])
-            filepath = item.get("filepath", "")
-            colbert_vecs = item["colbert_vecs"]
-            for seq_id, vec in enumerate(colbert_vecs):
-                vec_np = np.asarray(vec, dtype=np.float32)
-                embeddings.append(vec_np)
-                labels_meta.append(
-                    {
-                        "id": f"{doc_id}:{seq_id}",
-                        "doc_id": doc_id,
-                        "seq_id": int(seq_id),
-                        "filepath": filepath,
-                    }
-                )
-
-        if not embeddings:
-            return
-
-        embeddings_np = np.vstack(embeddings).astype(np.float32)
-        # print shape of embeddings_np
-        print(embeddings_np.shape)
-
-        builder = HNSWBuilder(**{**self._backend_kwargs, "dimensions": self.dim})
-        ids = [str(i) for i in range(embeddings_np.shape[0])]
-        builder.build(embeddings_np, ids, self.index_path)
-
-        import json as _json
-
-        with open(self._meta_path(), "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
-            _json.dump(self._meta_dict(), f, indent=2)
-        with open(self._labels_path(), "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
-            _json.dump(labels_meta, f)
-
-        self._labels_meta = labels_meta
-
-    def _load_labels_meta_if_needed(self) -> None:
-        if self._labels_meta:
-            return
-        labels_path = self._labels_path()
-        if labels_path.exists():
-            import json as _json
-
-            with open(labels_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
-                self._labels_meta = _json.load(f)
-
-    def search(
-        self, data: np.ndarray, topk: int, first_stage_k: int = 50
-    ) -> list[tuple[float, int]]:
-        if data.ndim == 1:
-            data = data.reshape(1, -1)
-        if data.dtype != np.float32:
-            data = data.astype(np.float32)
-
-        self._load_labels_meta_if_needed()
-
-        searcher = HNSWSearcher(self.index_path, meta=self._meta_dict())
-        raw = searcher.search(
-            data,
-            first_stage_k,
-            recompute_embeddings=False,
-            complexity=128,
-            beam_width=1,
-            prune_ratio=0.0,
-            batch_size=0,
-        )
-
-        labels = raw.get("labels")
-        distances = raw.get("distances")
-        if labels is None or distances is None:
-            return []
-
-        doc_scores: dict[int, float] = {}
-        B = len(labels)
-        for b in range(B):
-            per_doc_best: dict[int, float] = {}
-            for k, sid in enumerate(labels[b]):
-                try:
-                    idx = int(sid)
-                except Exception:
-                    continue
-                if 0 <= idx < len(self._labels_meta):
-                    doc_id = int(self._labels_meta[idx]["doc_id"])  # type: ignore[index]
-                else:
-                    continue
-                score = float(distances[b][k])
-                if (doc_id not in per_doc_best) or (score > per_doc_best[doc_id]):
-                    per_doc_best[doc_id] = score
-            for doc_id, best_score in per_doc_best.items():
-                doc_scores[doc_id] = doc_scores.get(doc_id, 0.0) + best_score
-
-        scores = sorted(((v, k) for k, v in doc_scores.items()), key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True)
-        return scores[:topk] if len(scores) >= topk else scores

apps/multimodal/vision-based-pdf-multi-vector/multi-vector-leann-similarity-map.py

@@ -1,477 +0,0 @@
-## Jupyter-style notebook script
-# %%
-# uv pip install matplotlib qwen_vl_utils
-import os
-import re
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Optional, cast
-
-from PIL import Image
-from tqdm import tqdm
-
-
-def _ensure_repo_paths_importable(current_file: str) -> None:
-    """Make local leann packages importable without installing (mirrors multi-vector-leann.py)."""
-    _repo_root = Path(current_file).resolve().parents[3]
-    _leann_core_src = _repo_root / "packages" / "leann-core" / "src"
-    _leann_hnsw_pkg = _repo_root / "packages" / "leann-backend-hnsw"
-    if str(_leann_core_src) not in sys.path:
-        sys.path.append(str(_leann_core_src))
-    if str(_leann_hnsw_pkg) not in sys.path:
-        sys.path.append(str(_leann_hnsw_pkg))
-
-
-_ensure_repo_paths_importable(__file__)
-
-from leann_multi_vector import LeannMultiVector  # noqa: E402
-
-# %%
-# Config
-os.environ["TOKENIZERS_PARALLELISM"] = "false"
-QUERY = "How does DeepSeek-V2 compare against the LLaMA family of LLMs?"
-MODEL: str = "colqwen2"  # "colpali" or "colqwen2"
-
-# Data source: set to True to use the Hugging Face dataset example (recommended)
-USE_HF_DATASET: bool = True
-DATASET_NAME: str = "weaviate/arXiv-AI-papers-multi-vector"
-DATASET_SPLIT: str = "train"
-MAX_DOCS: Optional[int] = None  # limit number of pages to index; None = all
-
-# Local pages (used when USE_HF_DATASET == False)
-PDF: Optional[str] = None  # e.g., "./pdfs/2004.12832v2.pdf"
-PAGES_DIR: str = "./pages"
-
-# Index + retrieval settings
-INDEX_PATH: str = "./indexes/colvision.leann"
-TOPK: int = 1
-FIRST_STAGE_K: int = 500
-REBUILD_INDEX: bool = False
-
-# Artifacts
-SAVE_TOP_IMAGE: Optional[str] = "./figures/retrieved_page.png"
-SIMILARITY_MAP: bool = True
-SIM_TOKEN_IDX: int = 13  # -1 means auto-select the most salient token
-SIM_OUTPUT: str = "./figures/similarity_map.png"
-ANSWER: bool = True
-MAX_NEW_TOKENS: int = 128
-
-
-# %%
-# Helpers
-def _natural_sort_key(name: str) -> int:
-    m = re.search(r"\d+", name)
-    return int(m.group()) if m else 0
-
-
-def _load_images_from_dir(pages_dir: str) -> tuple[list[str], list[Image.Image]]:
-    filenames = [n for n in os.listdir(pages_dir) if n.lower().endswith((".png", ".jpg", ".jpeg"))]
-    filenames = sorted(filenames, key=_natural_sort_key)
-    filepaths = [os.path.join(pages_dir, n) for n in filenames]
-    images = [Image.open(p) for p in filepaths]
-    return filepaths, images
-
-
-def _maybe_convert_pdf_to_images(pdf_path: Optional[str], pages_dir: str, dpi: int = 200) -> None:
-    if not pdf_path:
-        return
-    os.makedirs(pages_dir, exist_ok=True)
-    try:
-        from pdf2image import convert_from_path
-    except Exception as e:
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            "pdf2image is required to convert PDF to images. Install via pip install pdf2image"
-        ) from e
-    images = convert_from_path(pdf_path, dpi=dpi)
-    for i, image in enumerate(images):
-        image.save(os.path.join(pages_dir, f"page_{i + 1}.png"), "PNG")
-
-
-def _select_device_and_dtype():
-    import torch
-    from colpali_engine.utils.torch_utils import get_torch_device
-
-    device_str = (
-        "cuda"
-        if torch.cuda.is_available()
-        else (
-            "mps"
-            if getattr(torch.backends, "mps", None) and torch.backends.mps.is_available()
-            else "cpu"
-        )
-    )
-    device = get_torch_device(device_str)
-    # Stable dtype selection to avoid NaNs:
-    # - CUDA: prefer bfloat16 if supported, else float16
-    # - MPS: use float32 (fp16 on MPS can produce NaNs in some ops)
-    # - CPU: float32
-    if device_str == "cuda":
-        dtype = torch.bfloat16 if torch.cuda.is_bf16_supported() else torch.float16
-        try:
-            torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True  # Better stability/perf on Ampere+
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-    elif device_str == "mps":
-        dtype = torch.float32
-    else:
-        dtype = torch.float32
-    return device_str, device, dtype
-
-
-def _load_colvision(model_choice: str):
-    import torch
-    from colpali_engine.models import ColPali, ColQwen2, ColQwen2Processor
-    from colpali_engine.models.paligemma.colpali.processing_colpali import ColPaliProcessor
-    from transformers.utils.import_utils import is_flash_attn_2_available
-
-    device_str, device, dtype = _select_device_and_dtype()
-
-    if model_choice == "colqwen2":
-        model_name = "vidore/colqwen2-v1.0"
-        # On CPU/MPS we must avoid flash-attn and stay eager; on CUDA prefer flash-attn if available
-        attn_implementation = (
-            "flash_attention_2"
-            if (device_str == "cuda" and is_flash_attn_2_available())
-            else "eager"
-        )
-        model = ColQwen2.from_pretrained(
-            model_name,
-            torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
-            device_map=device,
-            attn_implementation=attn_implementation,
-        ).eval()
-        processor = ColQwen2Processor.from_pretrained(model_name)
-    else:
-        model_name = "vidore/colpali-v1.2"
-        model = ColPali.from_pretrained(
-            model_name,
-            torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
-            device_map=device,
-        ).eval()
-        processor = cast(ColPaliProcessor, ColPaliProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name))
-
-    return model_name, model, processor, device_str, device, dtype
-
-
-def _embed_images(model, processor, images: list[Image.Image]) -> list[Any]:
-    import torch
-    from colpali_engine.utils.torch_utils import ListDataset
-    from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
-
-    # Ensure deterministic eval and autocast for stability
-    model.eval()
-
-    dataloader = DataLoader(
-        dataset=ListDataset[Image.Image](images),
-        batch_size=1,
-        shuffle=False,
-        collate_fn=lambda x: processor.process_images(x),
-    )
-
-    doc_vecs: list[Any] = []
-    for batch_doc in dataloader:
-        with torch.no_grad():
-            batch_doc = {k: v.to(model.device) for k, v in batch_doc.items()}
-            # autocast on CUDA for bf16/fp16; on CPU/MPS stay in fp32
-            if model.device.type == "cuda":
-                with torch.autocast(
-                    device_type="cuda",
-                    dtype=model.dtype if model.dtype.is_floating_point else torch.bfloat16,
-                ):
-                    embeddings_doc = model(**batch_doc)
-            else:
-                embeddings_doc = model(**batch_doc)
-        doc_vecs.extend(list(torch.unbind(embeddings_doc.to("cpu"))))
-    return doc_vecs
-
-
-def _embed_queries(model, processor, queries: list[str]) -> list[Any]:
-    import torch
-    from colpali_engine.utils.torch_utils import ListDataset
-    from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
-
-    model.eval()
-
-    dataloader = DataLoader(
-        dataset=ListDataset[str](queries),
-        batch_size=1,
-        shuffle=False,
-        collate_fn=lambda x: processor.process_queries(x),
-    )
-
-    q_vecs: list[Any] = []
-    for batch_query in dataloader:
-        with torch.no_grad():
-            batch_query = {k: v.to(model.device) for k, v in batch_query.items()}
-            if model.device.type == "cuda":
-                with torch.autocast(
-                    device_type="cuda",
-                    dtype=model.dtype if model.dtype.is_floating_point else torch.bfloat16,
-                ):
-                    embeddings_query = model(**batch_query)
-            else:
-                embeddings_query = model(**batch_query)
-        q_vecs.extend(list(torch.unbind(embeddings_query.to("cpu"))))
-    return q_vecs
-
-
-def _build_index(index_path: str, doc_vecs: list[Any], filepaths: list[str]) -> LeannMultiVector:
-    dim = int(doc_vecs[0].shape[-1])
-    retriever = LeannMultiVector(index_path=index_path, dim=dim)
-    retriever.create_collection()
-    for i, vec in enumerate(doc_vecs):
-        data = {
-            "colbert_vecs": vec.float().numpy(),
-            "doc_id": i,
-            "filepath": filepaths[i],
-        }
-        retriever.insert(data)
-    retriever.create_index()
-    return retriever
-
-
-def _load_retriever_if_index_exists(index_path: str, dim: int) -> Optional[LeannMultiVector]:
-    index_base = Path(index_path)
-    # Rough heuristic: index dir exists AND meta+labels files exist
-    meta = index_base.parent / f"{index_base.name}.meta.json"
-    labels = index_base.parent / f"{index_base.name}.labels.json"
-    if index_base.exists() and meta.exists() and labels.exists():
-        return LeannMultiVector(index_path=index_path, dim=dim)
-    return None
-
-
-def _generate_similarity_map(
-    model,
-    processor,
-    image: Image.Image,
-    query: str,
-    token_idx: Optional[int] = None,
-    output_path: Optional[str] = None,
-) -> tuple[int, float]:
-    import torch
-    from colpali_engine.interpretability import (
-        get_similarity_maps_from_embeddings,
-        plot_similarity_map,
-    )
-
-    batch_images = processor.process_images([image]).to(model.device)
-    batch_queries = processor.process_queries([query]).to(model.device)
-
-    with torch.no_grad():
-        image_embeddings = model.forward(**batch_images)
-        query_embeddings = model.forward(**batch_queries)
-
-    n_patches = processor.get_n_patches(
-        image_size=image.size,
-        spatial_merge_size=getattr(model, "spatial_merge_size", None),
-    )
-    image_mask = processor.get_image_mask(batch_images)
-
-    batched_similarity_maps = get_similarity_maps_from_embeddings(
-        image_embeddings=image_embeddings,
-        query_embeddings=query_embeddings,
-        n_patches=n_patches,
-        image_mask=image_mask,
-    )
-
-    similarity_maps = batched_similarity_maps[0]
-
-    # Determine token index if not provided: choose the token with highest max score
-    if token_idx is None:
-        per_token_max = similarity_maps.view(similarity_maps.shape[0], -1).max(dim=1).values
-        token_idx = int(per_token_max.argmax().item())
-
-    max_sim_score = similarity_maps[token_idx, :, :].max().item()
-
-    if output_path:
-        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
-        fig, ax = plot_similarity_map(
-            image=image,
-            similarity_map=similarity_maps[token_idx],
-            figsize=(14, 14),
-            show_colorbar=False,
-        )
-        ax.set_title(f"Token #{token_idx}. MaxSim score: {max_sim_score:.2f}", fontsize=12)
-        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(output_path), exist_ok=True)
-        plt.savefig(output_path, bbox_inches="tight")
-        plt.close(fig)
-
-    return token_idx, float(max_sim_score)
-
-
-class QwenVL:
-    def __init__(self, device: str):
-        from transformers import AutoProcessor, Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration
-        from transformers.utils.import_utils import is_flash_attn_2_available
-
-        attn_implementation = "flash_attention_2" if is_flash_attn_2_available() else "eager"
-        self.model = Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
-            "Qwen/Qwen2.5-VL-3B-Instruct",
-            torch_dtype="auto",
-            device_map=device,
-            attn_implementation=attn_implementation,
-        )
-
-        min_pixels = 256 * 28 * 28
-        max_pixels = 1280 * 28 * 28
-        self.processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
-            "Qwen/Qwen2.5-VL-3B-Instruct", min_pixels=min_pixels, max_pixels=max_pixels
-        )
-
-    def answer(self, query: str, images: list[Image.Image], max_new_tokens: int = 128) -> str:
-        import base64
-        from io import BytesIO
-
-        from qwen_vl_utils import process_vision_info
-
-        content = []
-        for img in images:
-            buffer = BytesIO()
-            img.save(buffer, format="jpeg")
-            img_base64 = base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode("utf-8")
-            content.append({"type": "image", "image": f"data:image;base64,{img_base64}"})
-        content.append({"type": "text", "text": query})
-        messages = [{"role": "user", "content": content}]
-
-        text = self.processor.apply_chat_template(
-            messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True
-        )
-        image_inputs, video_inputs = process_vision_info(messages)
-        inputs = self.processor(
-            text=[text], images=image_inputs, videos=video_inputs, padding=True, return_tensors="pt"
-        )
-        inputs = inputs.to(self.model.device)
-
-        generated_ids = self.model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens)
-        generated_ids_trimmed = [
-            out_ids[len(in_ids) :] for in_ids, out_ids in zip(inputs.input_ids, generated_ids)
-        ]
-        return self.processor.batch_decode(
-            generated_ids_trimmed, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False
-        )[0]
-
-
-# %%
-
-# Step 1: Prepare data
-if USE_HF_DATASET:
-    from datasets import load_dataset
-
-    dataset = load_dataset(DATASET_NAME, split=DATASET_SPLIT)
-    N = len(dataset) if MAX_DOCS is None else min(MAX_DOCS, len(dataset))
-    filepaths: list[str] = []
-    images: list[Image.Image] = []
-    for i in tqdm(range(N), desc="Loading dataset"):
-        p = dataset[i]
-        # Compose a descriptive identifier for printing later
-        identifier = f"arXiv:{p['paper_arxiv_id']}|title:{p['paper_title']}|page:{int(p['page_number'])}|id:{p['page_id']}"
-        print(identifier)
-        filepaths.append(identifier)
-        images.append(p["page_image"])  # PIL Image
-else:
-    _maybe_convert_pdf_to_images(PDF, PAGES_DIR)
-    filepaths, images = _load_images_from_dir(PAGES_DIR)
-    if not images:
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            f"No images found in {PAGES_DIR}. Provide PDF path in PDF variable or ensure images exist."
-        )
-
-
-# %%
-# Step 2: Load model and processor
-model_name, model, processor, device_str, device, dtype = _load_colvision(MODEL)
-print(f"Using model={model_name}, device={device_str}, dtype={dtype}")
-
-
-# %%
-
-# %%
-# Step 3: Build or load index
-retriever: Optional[LeannMultiVector] = None
-if not REBUILD_INDEX:
-    try:
-        one_vec = _embed_images(model, processor, [images[0]])[0]
-        retriever = _load_retriever_if_index_exists(INDEX_PATH, dim=int(one_vec.shape[-1]))
-    except Exception:
-        retriever = None
-
-if retriever is None:
-    doc_vecs = _embed_images(model, processor, images)
-    retriever = _build_index(INDEX_PATH, doc_vecs, filepaths)
-
-
-# %%
-# Step 4: Embed query and search
-q_vec = _embed_queries(model, processor, [QUERY])[0]
-results = retriever.search(q_vec.float().numpy(), topk=TOPK, first_stage_k=FIRST_STAGE_K)
-if not results:
-    print("No results found.")
-else:
-    print(f'Top {len(results)} results for query: "{QUERY}"')
-    top_images: list[Image.Image] = []
-    for rank, (score, doc_id) in enumerate(results, start=1):
-        path = filepaths[doc_id]
-        # For HF dataset, path is a descriptive identifier, not a real file path
-        print(f"{rank}) MaxSim: {score:.4f}, Page: {path}")
-        top_images.append(images[doc_id])
-
-    if SAVE_TOP_IMAGE:
-        from pathlib import Path as _Path
-
-        base = _Path(SAVE_TOP_IMAGE)
-        base.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-        for rank, img in enumerate(top_images[:TOPK], start=1):
-            if base.suffix:
-                out_path = base.parent / f"{base.stem}_rank{rank}{base.suffix}"
-            else:
-                out_path = base / f"retrieved_page_rank{rank}.png"
-            img.save(str(out_path))
-            print(f"Saved retrieved page (rank {rank}) to: {out_path}")
-
-## TODO stange results of second page of DeepSeek-V2 rather than the first page
-
-# %%
-# Step 5: Similarity maps for top-K results
-if results and SIMILARITY_MAP:
-    token_idx = None if SIM_TOKEN_IDX < 0 else int(SIM_TOKEN_IDX)
-    from pathlib import Path as _Path
-
-    output_base = _Path(SIM_OUTPUT) if SIM_OUTPUT else None
-    for rank, img in enumerate(top_images[:TOPK], start=1):
-        if output_base:
-            if output_base.suffix:
-                out_dir = output_base.parent
-                out_name = f"{output_base.stem}_rank{rank}{output_base.suffix}"
-                out_path = str(out_dir / out_name)
-            else:
-                out_dir = output_base
-                out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-                out_path = str(out_dir / f"similarity_map_rank{rank}.png")
-        else:
-            out_path = None
-        chosen_idx, max_sim = _generate_similarity_map(
-            model=model,
-            processor=processor,
-            image=img,
-            query=QUERY,
-            token_idx=token_idx,
-            output_path=out_path,
-        )
-        if out_path:
-            print(
-                f"Saved similarity map for rank {rank}, token #{chosen_idx} (max={max_sim:.2f}) to: {out_path}"
-            )
-        else:
-            print(
-                f"Computed similarity map for rank {rank}, token #{chosen_idx} (max={max_sim:.2f})"
-            )
-
-
-# %%
-# Step 6: Optional answer generation
-if results and ANSWER:
-    qwen = QwenVL(device=device_str)
-    response = qwen.answer(QUERY, top_images[:TOPK], max_new_tokens=MAX_NEW_TOKENS)
-    print("\nAnswer:")
-    print(response)

apps/multimodal/vision-based-pdf-multi-vector/multi-vector-leann.py

@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-# pip install pdf2image
-# pip install pymilvus
-# pip install colpali_engine
-# pip install tqdm
-# pip install pillow
-
-# %%
-from pdf2image import convert_from_path
-
-pdf_path = "pdfs/2004.12832v2.pdf"
-images = convert_from_path(pdf_path)
-
-for i, image in enumerate(images):
-    image.save(f"pages/page_{i + 1}.png", "PNG")
-
-# %%
-import os
-from pathlib import Path
-
-# Make local leann packages importable without installing
-_repo_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
-_leann_core_src = _repo_root / "packages" / "leann-core" / "src"
-_leann_hnsw_pkg = _repo_root / "packages" / "leann-backend-hnsw"
-import sys
-
-if str(_leann_core_src) not in sys.path:
-    sys.path.append(str(_leann_core_src))
-if str(_leann_hnsw_pkg) not in sys.path:
-    sys.path.append(str(_leann_hnsw_pkg))
-
-from leann_multi_vector import LeannMultiVector
-
-
-class LeannRetriever(LeannMultiVector):
-    pass
-
-
-# %%
-from typing import cast
-
-import torch
-from colpali_engine.models import ColPali
-from colpali_engine.models.paligemma.colpali.processing_colpali import ColPaliProcessor
-from colpali_engine.utils.torch_utils import ListDataset, get_torch_device
-from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
-
-# Auto-select device: CUDA > MPS (mac) > CPU
-_device_str = (
-    "cuda"
-    if torch.cuda.is_available()
-    else (
-        "mps"
-        if getattr(torch.backends, "mps", None) and torch.backends.mps.is_available()
-        else "cpu"
-    )
-)
-device = get_torch_device(_device_str)
-# Prefer fp16 on GPU/MPS, bfloat16 on CPU
-_dtype = torch.float16 if _device_str in ("cuda", "mps") else torch.bfloat16
-model_name = "vidore/colpali-v1.2"
-
-model = ColPali.from_pretrained(
-    model_name,
-    torch_dtype=_dtype,
-    device_map=device,
-).eval()
-print(f"Using device={_device_str}, dtype={_dtype}")
-
-queries = [
-    "How to end-to-end retrieval with ColBert",
-    "Where is ColBERT performance Table, including text representation results?",
-]
-
-processor = cast(ColPaliProcessor, ColPaliProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name))
-
-dataloader = DataLoader(
-    dataset=ListDataset[str](queries),
-    batch_size=1,
-    shuffle=False,
-    collate_fn=lambda x: processor.process_queries(x),
-)
-
-qs: list[torch.Tensor] = []
-for batch_query in dataloader:
-    with torch.no_grad():
-        batch_query = {k: v.to(model.device) for k, v in batch_query.items()}
-        embeddings_query = model(**batch_query)
-    qs.extend(list(torch.unbind(embeddings_query.to("cpu"))))
-print(qs[0].shape)
-# %%
-
-
-import re
-
-from PIL import Image
-from tqdm import tqdm
-
-page_filenames = sorted(os.listdir("./pages"), key=lambda n: int(re.search(r"\d+", n).group()))
-images = [Image.open(os.path.join("./pages", name)) for name in page_filenames]
-
-dataloader = DataLoader(
-    dataset=ListDataset[str](images),
-    batch_size=1,
-    shuffle=False,
-    collate_fn=lambda x: processor.process_images(x),
-)
-
-ds: list[torch.Tensor] = []
-for batch_doc in tqdm(dataloader):
-    with torch.no_grad():
-        batch_doc = {k: v.to(model.device) for k, v in batch_doc.items()}
-        embeddings_doc = model(**batch_doc)
-    ds.extend(list(torch.unbind(embeddings_doc.to("cpu"))))
-
-print(ds[0].shape)
-
-# %%
-# Build HNSW index via LeannRetriever primitives and run search
-index_path = "./indexes/colpali.leann"
-retriever = LeannRetriever(index_path=index_path, dim=int(ds[0].shape[-1]))
-retriever.create_collection()
-filepaths = [os.path.join("./pages", name) for name in page_filenames]
-for i in range(len(filepaths)):
-    data = {
-        "colbert_vecs": ds[i].float().numpy(),
-        "doc_id": i,
-        "filepath": filepaths[i],
-    }
-    retriever.insert(data)
-retriever.create_index()
-for query in qs:
-    query_np = query.float().numpy()
-    result = retriever.search(query_np, topk=1)
-    print(filepaths[result[0][1]])

examples/dynamic_update_no_recompute.py

@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+"""Dynamic HNSW update demo without compact storage.
+
+This script reproduces the minimal scenario we used while debugging on-the-fly
+recompute:
+
+1. Build a non-compact HNSW index from the first few paragraphs of a text file.
+2. Print the top results with `recompute_embeddings=True`.
+3. Append additional paragraphs with :meth:`LeannBuilder.update_index`.
+4. Run the same query again to show the newly inserted passages.
+
+Run it with ``uv`` (optionally pointing LEANN_HNSW_LOG_PATH at a file to inspect
+ZMQ activity)::
+
+    LEANN_HNSW_LOG_PATH=embedding_fetch.log \
+    uv run -m examples.dynamic_update_no_recompute \
+      --index-path .leann/examples/leann-demo.leann
+
+By default the script builds an index from ``data/2501.14312v1 (1).pdf`` and
+then updates it with LEANN-related material from ``data/2506.08276v1.pdf``.
+It issues the query "What's LEANN?" before and after the update to show how the
+new passages become immediately searchable. The script uses the
+``sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2`` model with ``is_recompute=True`` so
+Faiss pulls existing vectors on demand via the ZMQ embedding server, while
+freshly added passages are embedded locally just like the initial build.
+
+To make storage comparisons easy, the script can also build a matching
+``is_recompute=False`` baseline (enabled by default) and report the index size
+delta after the update. Disable the baseline run with
+``--skip-compare-no-recompute`` if you only need the recompute flow.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from leann.api import LeannBuilder, LeannSearcher
+from leann.registry import register_project_directory
+
+from apps.chunking import create_text_chunks
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+
+DEFAULT_QUERY = "What's LEANN?"
+DEFAULT_INITIAL_FILES = [REPO_ROOT / "data" / "2501.14312v1 (1).pdf"]
+DEFAULT_UPDATE_FILES = [REPO_ROOT / "data" / "2506.08276v1.pdf"]
+
+
+def load_chunks_from_files(paths: list[Path]) -> list[str]:
+    from llama_index.core import SimpleDirectoryReader
+
+    documents = []
+    for path in paths:
+        p = path.expanduser().resolve()
+        if not p.exists():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Input path not found: {p}")
+        if p.is_dir():
+            reader = SimpleDirectoryReader(str(p), recursive=False)
+            documents.extend(reader.load_data(show_progress=True))
+        else:
+            reader = SimpleDirectoryReader(input_files=[str(p)])
+            documents.extend(reader.load_data(show_progress=True))
+
+    if not documents:
+        return []
+
+    chunks = create_text_chunks(
+        documents,
+        chunk_size=512,
+        chunk_overlap=128,
+        use_ast_chunking=False,
+    )
+    return [c for c in chunks if isinstance(c, str) and c.strip()]
+
+
+def run_search(index_path: Path, query: str, top_k: int, *, recompute_embeddings: bool) -> list:
+    searcher = LeannSearcher(str(index_path))
+    try:
+        return searcher.search(
+            query=query,
+            top_k=top_k,
+            recompute_embeddings=recompute_embeddings,
+            batch_size=16,
+        )
+    finally:
+        searcher.cleanup()
+
+
+def print_results(title: str, results: Iterable) -> None:
+    print(f"\n=== {title} ===")
+    res_list = list(results)
+    print(f"results count: {len(res_list)}")
+    print("passages:")
+    if not res_list:
+        print("  (no passages returned)")
+    for res in res_list:
+        snippet = res.text.replace("\n", " ")[:120]
+        print(f"  - {res.id}: {snippet}... (score={res.score:.4f})")
+
+
+def build_initial_index(
+    index_path: Path,
+    paragraphs: list[str],
+    model_name: str,
+    embedding_mode: str,
+    is_recompute: bool,
+) -> None:
+    builder = LeannBuilder(
+        backend_name="hnsw",
+        embedding_model=model_name,
+        embedding_mode=embedding_mode,
+        is_compact=False,
+        is_recompute=is_recompute,
+    )
+    for idx, passage in enumerate(paragraphs):
+        builder.add_text(passage, metadata={"id": str(idx)})
+    builder.build_index(str(index_path))
+
+
+def update_index(
+    index_path: Path,
+    start_id: int,
+    paragraphs: list[str],
+    model_name: str,
+    embedding_mode: str,
+    is_recompute: bool,
+) -> None:
+    updater = LeannBuilder(
+        backend_name="hnsw",
+        embedding_model=model_name,
+        embedding_mode=embedding_mode,
+        is_compact=False,
+        is_recompute=is_recompute,
+    )
+    for offset, passage in enumerate(paragraphs, start=start_id):
+        updater.add_text(passage, metadata={"id": str(offset)})
+    updater.update_index(str(index_path))
+
+
+def ensure_index_dir(index_path: Path) -> None:
+    index_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+
+def cleanup_index_files(index_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Remove leftover index artifacts for a clean rebuild."""
+
+    parent = index_path.parent
+    if not parent.exists():
+        return
+    stem = index_path.stem
+    for file in parent.glob(f"{stem}*"):
+        if file.is_file():
+            file.unlink()
+
+
+def index_file_size(index_path: Path) -> int:
+    """Return the size of the primary .index file for the given index path."""
+
+    index_file = index_path.parent / f"{index_path.stem}.index"
+    return index_file.stat().st_size if index_file.exists() else 0
+
+
+def load_metadata_snapshot(index_path: Path) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    meta_path = index_path.parent / f"{index_path.name}.meta.json"
+    if not meta_path.exists():
+        return None
+    try:
+        return json.loads(meta_path.read_text())
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return None
+
+
+def run_workflow(
+    *,
+    label: str,
+    index_path: Path,
+    initial_paragraphs: list[str],
+    update_paragraphs: list[str],
+    model_name: str,
+    embedding_mode: str,
+    is_recompute: bool,
+    query: str,
+    top_k: int,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    prefix = f"[{label}] " if label else ""
+
+    ensure_index_dir(index_path)
+    cleanup_index_files(index_path)
+
+    print(f"{prefix}Building initial index...")
+    build_initial_index(
+        index_path,
+        initial_paragraphs,
+        model_name,
+        embedding_mode,
+        is_recompute=is_recompute,
+    )
+
+    initial_size = index_file_size(index_path)
+    before_results = run_search(
+        index_path,
+        query,
+        top_k,
+        recompute_embeddings=is_recompute,
+    )
+
+    print(f"\n{prefix}Updating index with additional passages...")
+    update_index(
+        index_path,
+        start_id=len(initial_paragraphs),
+        paragraphs=update_paragraphs,
+        model_name=model_name,
+        embedding_mode=embedding_mode,
+        is_recompute=is_recompute,
+    )
+
+    after_results = run_search(
+        index_path,
+        query,
+        top_k,
+        recompute_embeddings=is_recompute,
+    )
+    updated_size = index_file_size(index_path)
+
+    return {
+        "initial_size": initial_size,
+        "updated_size": updated_size,
+        "delta": updated_size - initial_size,
+        "before_results": before_results,
+        "after_results": after_results,
+        "metadata": load_metadata_snapshot(index_path),
+    }
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--initial-files",
+        type=Path,
+        nargs="+",
+        default=DEFAULT_INITIAL_FILES,
+        help="Initial document files (PDF/TXT) used to build the base index",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--index-path",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path(".leann/examples/leann-demo.leann"),
+        help="Destination index path (default: .leann/examples/leann-demo.leann)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--initial-count",
+        type=int,
+        default=8,
+        help="Number of chunks to use from the initial documents (default: 8)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--update-files",
+        type=Path,
+        nargs="*",
+        default=DEFAULT_UPDATE_FILES,
+        help="Additional documents to add during update (PDF/TXT)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--update-count",
+        type=int,
+        default=4,
+        help="Number of chunks to append from update documents (default: 4)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--update-text",
+        type=str,
+        default=(
+            "LEANN (Lightweight Embedding ANN) is an indexing toolkit focused on "
+            "recompute-aware HNSW graphs, allowing embeddings to be regenerated "
+            "on demand to keep disk usage minimal."
+        ),
+        help="Fallback text to append if --update-files is omitted",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--top-k",
+        type=int,
+        default=4,
+        help="Number of results to show for each search (default: 4)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--query",
+        type=str,
+        default=DEFAULT_QUERY,
+        help="Query to run before/after the update",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--embedding-model",
+        type=str,
+        default="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
+        help="Embedding model name",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--embedding-mode",
+        type=str,
+        default="sentence-transformers",
+        choices=["sentence-transformers", "openai", "mlx", "ollama"],
+        help="Embedding backend mode",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--compare-no-recompute",
+        dest="compare_no_recompute",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Also run a baseline with is_recompute=False and report its index growth.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--skip-compare-no-recompute",
+        dest="compare_no_recompute",
+        action="store_false",
+        help="Skip building the no-recompute baseline.",
+    )
+    parser.set_defaults(compare_no_recompute=True)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    ensure_index_dir(args.index_path)
+    register_project_directory(REPO_ROOT)
+
+    initial_chunks = load_chunks_from_files(list(args.initial_files))
+    if not initial_chunks:
+        raise ValueError("No text chunks extracted from the initial files.")
+
+    initial = initial_chunks[: args.initial_count]
+    if not initial:
+        raise ValueError("Initial chunk set is empty after applying --initial-count.")
+
+    if args.update_files:
+        update_chunks = load_chunks_from_files(list(args.update_files))
+        if not update_chunks:
+            raise ValueError("No text chunks extracted from the update files.")
+        to_add = update_chunks[: args.update_count]
+    else:
+        if not args.update_text:
+            raise ValueError("Provide --update-files or --update-text for the update step.")
+        to_add = [args.update_text]
+    if not to_add:
+        raise ValueError("Update chunk set is empty after applying --update-count.")
+
+    recompute_stats = run_workflow(
+        label="recompute",
+        index_path=args.index_path,
+        initial_paragraphs=initial,
+        update_paragraphs=to_add,
+        model_name=args.embedding_model,
+        embedding_mode=args.embedding_mode,
+        is_recompute=True,
+        query=args.query,
+        top_k=args.top_k,
+    )
+
+    print_results("initial search", recompute_stats["before_results"])
+    print_results("after update", recompute_stats["after_results"])
+    print(
+        f"\n[recompute] Index file size change: {recompute_stats['initial_size']} -> {recompute_stats['updated_size']} bytes"
+        f" (Δ {recompute_stats['delta']})"
+    )
+
+    if recompute_stats["metadata"]:
+        meta_view = {k: recompute_stats["metadata"].get(k) for k in ("is_compact", "is_pruned")}
+        print("[recompute] metadata snapshot:")
+        print(json.dumps(meta_view, indent=2))
+
+    if args.compare_no_recompute:
+        baseline_path = (
+            args.index_path.parent / f"{args.index_path.stem}-norecompute{args.index_path.suffix}"
+        )
+        baseline_stats = run_workflow(
+            label="no-recompute",
+            index_path=baseline_path,
+            initial_paragraphs=initial,
+            update_paragraphs=to_add,
+            model_name=args.embedding_model,
+            embedding_mode=args.embedding_mode,
+            is_recompute=False,
+            query=args.query,
+            top_k=args.top_k,
+        )
+
+        print(
+            f"\n[no-recompute] Index file size change: {baseline_stats['initial_size']} -> {baseline_stats['updated_size']} bytes"
+            f" (Δ {baseline_stats['delta']})"
+        )
+
+        after_texts = [res.text for res in recompute_stats["after_results"]]
+        baseline_after_texts = [res.text for res in baseline_stats["after_results"]]
+        if after_texts == baseline_after_texts:
+            print(
+                "[no-recompute] Search results match recompute baseline; see above for the shared output."
+            )
+        else:
+            print("[no-recompute] WARNING: search results differ from recompute baseline.")
+
+        if baseline_stats["metadata"]:
+            meta_view = {k: baseline_stats["metadata"].get(k) for k in ("is_compact", "is_pruned")}
+            print("[no-recompute] metadata snapshot:")
+            print(json.dumps(meta_view, indent=2))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

packages/leann-backend-hnsw/leann_backend_hnsw/convert_to_csr.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import os
 import struct
 import sys
 import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -237,6 +239,288 @@ def write_compact_format(
         f_out.write(storage_data)
 
 
+@dataclass
+class HNSWComponents:
+    original_hnsw_data: dict[str, Any]
+    assign_probas_np: np.ndarray
+    cum_nneighbor_per_level_np: np.ndarray
+    levels_np: np.ndarray
+    is_compact: bool
+    compact_level_ptr: Optional[np.ndarray] = None
+    compact_node_offsets_np: Optional[np.ndarray] = None
+    compact_neighbors_data: Optional[list[int]] = None
+    offsets_np: Optional[np.ndarray] = None
+    neighbors_np: Optional[np.ndarray] = None
+    storage_fourcc: int = NULL_INDEX_FOURCC
+    storage_data: bytes = b""
+
+
+def _read_hnsw_structure(f) -> HNSWComponents:
+    original_hnsw_data: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    hnsw_index_fourcc = read_struct(f, "<I")
+    if hnsw_index_fourcc not in EXPECTED_HNSW_FOURCCS:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected HNSW FourCC: {hnsw_index_fourcc:08x}. Expected one of {EXPECTED_HNSW_FOURCCS}."
+        )
+
+    original_hnsw_data["index_fourcc"] = hnsw_index_fourcc
+    original_hnsw_data["d"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+    original_hnsw_data["ntotal"] = read_struct(f, "<q")
+    original_hnsw_data["dummy1"] = read_struct(f, "<q")
+    original_hnsw_data["dummy2"] = read_struct(f, "<q")
+    original_hnsw_data["is_trained"] = read_struct(f, "?")
+    original_hnsw_data["metric_type"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+    original_hnsw_data["metric_arg"] = 0.0
+    if original_hnsw_data["metric_type"] > 1:
+        original_hnsw_data["metric_arg"] = read_struct(f, "<f")
+
+    assign_probas_np = read_numpy_vector(f, np.float64, "d")
+    cum_nneighbor_per_level_np = read_numpy_vector(f, np.int32, "i")
+    levels_np = read_numpy_vector(f, np.int32, "i")
+
+    ntotal = len(levels_np)
+    if ntotal != original_hnsw_data["ntotal"]:
+        original_hnsw_data["ntotal"] = ntotal
+
+    pos_before_compact = f.tell()
+    is_compact_flag = None
+    try:
+        is_compact_flag = read_struct(f, "<?")
+    except EOFError:
+        is_compact_flag = None
+
+    if is_compact_flag:
+        compact_level_ptr = read_numpy_vector(f, np.uint64, "Q")
+        compact_node_offsets_np = read_numpy_vector(f, np.uint64, "Q")
+
+        original_hnsw_data["entry_point"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+        original_hnsw_data["max_level"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+        original_hnsw_data["efConstruction"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+        original_hnsw_data["efSearch"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+        original_hnsw_data["dummy_upper_beam"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+
+        storage_fourcc = read_struct(f, "<I")
+        compact_neighbors_data_np = read_numpy_vector(f, np.int32, "i")
+        compact_neighbors_data = compact_neighbors_data_np.tolist()
+        storage_data = f.read()
+
+        return HNSWComponents(
+            original_hnsw_data=original_hnsw_data,
+            assign_probas_np=assign_probas_np,
+            cum_nneighbor_per_level_np=cum_nneighbor_per_level_np,
+            levels_np=levels_np,
+            is_compact=True,
+            compact_level_ptr=compact_level_ptr,
+            compact_node_offsets_np=compact_node_offsets_np,
+            compact_neighbors_data=compact_neighbors_data,
+            storage_fourcc=storage_fourcc,
+            storage_data=storage_data,
+        )
+
+    # Non-compact case
+    f.seek(pos_before_compact)
+
+    pos_before_probe = f.tell()
+    try:
+        suspected_flag = read_struct(f, "<B")
+        if suspected_flag != 0x00:
+            f.seek(pos_before_probe)
+    except EOFError:
+        f.seek(pos_before_probe)
+
+    offsets_np = read_numpy_vector(f, np.uint64, "Q")
+    neighbors_np = read_numpy_vector(f, np.int32, "i")
+
+    original_hnsw_data["entry_point"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+    original_hnsw_data["max_level"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+    original_hnsw_data["efConstruction"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+    original_hnsw_data["efSearch"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+    original_hnsw_data["dummy_upper_beam"] = read_struct(f, "<i")
+
+    storage_fourcc = NULL_INDEX_FOURCC
+    storage_data = b""
+    try:
+        storage_fourcc = read_struct(f, "<I")
+        storage_data = f.read()
+    except EOFError:
+        storage_fourcc = NULL_INDEX_FOURCC
+
+    return HNSWComponents(
+        original_hnsw_data=original_hnsw_data,
+        assign_probas_np=assign_probas_np,
+        cum_nneighbor_per_level_np=cum_nneighbor_per_level_np,
+        levels_np=levels_np,
+        is_compact=False,
+        offsets_np=offsets_np,
+        neighbors_np=neighbors_np,
+        storage_fourcc=storage_fourcc,
+        storage_data=storage_data,
+    )
+
+
+def _read_hnsw_structure_from_file(path: str) -> HNSWComponents:
+    with open(path, "rb") as f:
+        return _read_hnsw_structure(f)
+
+
+def write_original_format(
+    f_out,
+    original_hnsw_data,
+    assign_probas_np,
+    cum_nneighbor_per_level_np,
+    levels_np,
+    offsets_np,
+    neighbors_np,
+    storage_fourcc,
+    storage_data,
+):
+    """Write non-compact HNSW data in original FAISS order."""
+
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<I", original_hnsw_data["index_fourcc"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<i", original_hnsw_data["d"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<q", original_hnsw_data["ntotal"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<q", original_hnsw_data["dummy1"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<q", original_hnsw_data["dummy2"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<?", original_hnsw_data["is_trained"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<i", original_hnsw_data["metric_type"]))
+    if original_hnsw_data["metric_type"] > 1:
+        f_out.write(struct.pack("<f", original_hnsw_data["metric_arg"]))
+
+    write_numpy_vector(f_out, assign_probas_np, "d")
+    write_numpy_vector(f_out, cum_nneighbor_per_level_np, "i")
+    write_numpy_vector(f_out, levels_np, "i")
+
+    write_numpy_vector(f_out, offsets_np, "Q")
+    write_numpy_vector(f_out, neighbors_np, "i")
+
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<i", original_hnsw_data["entry_point"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<i", original_hnsw_data["max_level"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<i", original_hnsw_data["efConstruction"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<i", original_hnsw_data["efSearch"]))
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<i", original_hnsw_data["dummy_upper_beam"]))
+
+    f_out.write(struct.pack("<I", storage_fourcc))
+    if storage_fourcc != NULL_INDEX_FOURCC and storage_data:
+        f_out.write(storage_data)
+
+
+def prune_hnsw_embeddings(input_filename: str, output_filename: str) -> bool:
+    """Rewrite an HNSW index while dropping the embedded storage section."""
+
+    start_time = time.time()
+    try:
+        with open(input_filename, "rb") as f_in, open(output_filename, "wb") as f_out:
+            original_hnsw_data: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+            hnsw_index_fourcc = read_struct(f_in, "<I")
+            if hnsw_index_fourcc not in EXPECTED_HNSW_FOURCCS:
+                print(
+                    f"Error: Expected HNSW Index FourCC ({list(EXPECTED_HNSW_FOURCCS)}), got {hnsw_index_fourcc:08x}.",
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                return False
+
+            original_hnsw_data["index_fourcc"] = hnsw_index_fourcc
+            original_hnsw_data["d"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+            original_hnsw_data["ntotal"] = read_struct(f_in, "<q")
+            original_hnsw_data["dummy1"] = read_struct(f_in, "<q")
+            original_hnsw_data["dummy2"] = read_struct(f_in, "<q")
+            original_hnsw_data["is_trained"] = read_struct(f_in, "?")
+            original_hnsw_data["metric_type"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+            original_hnsw_data["metric_arg"] = 0.0
+            if original_hnsw_data["metric_type"] > 1:
+                original_hnsw_data["metric_arg"] = read_struct(f_in, "<f")
+
+            assign_probas_np = read_numpy_vector(f_in, np.float64, "d")
+            cum_nneighbor_per_level_np = read_numpy_vector(f_in, np.int32, "i")
+            levels_np = read_numpy_vector(f_in, np.int32, "i")
+
+            ntotal = len(levels_np)
+            if ntotal != original_hnsw_data["ntotal"]:
+                original_hnsw_data["ntotal"] = ntotal
+
+            pos_before_compact = f_in.tell()
+            is_compact_flag = None
+            try:
+                is_compact_flag = read_struct(f_in, "<?")
+            except EOFError:
+                is_compact_flag = None
+
+            if is_compact_flag:
+                compact_level_ptr = read_numpy_vector(f_in, np.uint64, "Q")
+                compact_node_offsets_np = read_numpy_vector(f_in, np.uint64, "Q")
+
+                original_hnsw_data["entry_point"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+                original_hnsw_data["max_level"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+                original_hnsw_data["efConstruction"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+                original_hnsw_data["efSearch"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+                original_hnsw_data["dummy_upper_beam"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+
+                _storage_fourcc = read_struct(f_in, "<I")
+                compact_neighbors_data_np = read_numpy_vector(f_in, np.int32, "i")
+                compact_neighbors_data = compact_neighbors_data_np.tolist()
+                _storage_data = f_in.read()
+
+                write_compact_format(
+                    f_out,
+                    original_hnsw_data,
+                    assign_probas_np,
+                    cum_nneighbor_per_level_np,
+                    levels_np,
+                    compact_level_ptr,
+                    compact_node_offsets_np,
+                    compact_neighbors_data,
+                    NULL_INDEX_FOURCC,
+                    b"",
+                )
+            else:
+                f_in.seek(pos_before_compact)
+
+                pos_before_probe = f_in.tell()
+                try:
+                    suspected_flag = read_struct(f_in, "<B")
+                    if suspected_flag != 0x00:
+                        f_in.seek(pos_before_probe)
+                except EOFError:
+                    f_in.seek(pos_before_probe)
+
+                offsets_np = read_numpy_vector(f_in, np.uint64, "Q")
+                neighbors_np = read_numpy_vector(f_in, np.int32, "i")
+
+                original_hnsw_data["entry_point"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+                original_hnsw_data["max_level"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+                original_hnsw_data["efConstruction"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+                original_hnsw_data["efSearch"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+                original_hnsw_data["dummy_upper_beam"] = read_struct(f_in, "<i")
+
+                _storage_fourcc = None
+                _storage_data = b""
+                try:
+                    _storage_fourcc = read_struct(f_in, "<I")
+                    _storage_data = f_in.read()
+                except EOFError:
+                    _storage_fourcc = NULL_INDEX_FOURCC
+
+                write_original_format(
+                    f_out,
+                    original_hnsw_data,
+                    assign_probas_np,
+                    cum_nneighbor_per_level_np,
+                    levels_np,
+                    offsets_np,
+                    neighbors_np,
+                    NULL_INDEX_FOURCC,
+                    b"",
+                )
+
+        print(f"[{time.time() - start_time:.2f}s] Pruned embeddings from {input_filename}")
+        return True
+    except Exception as exc:
+        print(f"Failed to prune embeddings: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return False
+
+
 # --- Main Conversion Logic ---
 
 
@@ -700,6 +984,29 @@ def convert_hnsw_graph_to_csr(input_filename, output_filename, prune_embeddings=
             pass
 
 
+def prune_hnsw_embeddings_inplace(index_filename: str) -> bool:
+    """Convenience wrapper to prune embeddings in-place."""
+
+    temp_path = f"{index_filename}.prune.tmp"
+    success = prune_hnsw_embeddings(index_filename, temp_path)
+    if success:
+        try:
+            os.replace(temp_path, index_filename)
+        except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover - defensive
+            logger.error(f"Failed to replace original index with pruned version: {exc}")
+            try:
+                os.remove(temp_path)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            return False
+    else:
+        try:
+            os.remove(temp_path)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+    return success
+
+
 # --- Script Execution ---
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(

packages/leann-backend-hnsw/leann_backend_hnsw/hnsw_backend.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from leann.interface import (
 from leann.registry import register_backend
 from leann.searcher_base import BaseSearcher
 
-from .convert_to_csr import convert_hnsw_graph_to_csr
+from .convert_to_csr import convert_hnsw_graph_to_csr, prune_hnsw_embeddings_inplace
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@ class HNSWBuilder(LeannBackendBuilderInterface):
 
         if self.is_compact:
             self._convert_to_csr(index_file)
+        elif self.is_recompute:
+            prune_hnsw_embeddings_inplace(str(index_file))
 
     def _convert_to_csr(self, index_file: Path):
         """Convert built index to CSR format"""
@@ -133,10 +135,10 @@ class HNSWSearcher(BaseSearcher):
         if metric_enum is None:
             raise ValueError(f"Unsupported distance_metric '{self.distance_metric}'.")
 
-        self.is_compact, self.is_pruned = (
-            self.meta.get("is_compact", True),
-            self.meta.get("is_pruned", True),
-        )
+        backend_meta_kwargs = self.meta.get("backend_kwargs", {})
+        self.is_compact = self.meta.get("is_compact", backend_meta_kwargs.get("is_compact", True))
+        default_pruned = backend_meta_kwargs.get("is_recompute", self.is_compact)
+        self.is_pruned = bool(self.meta.get("is_pruned", default_pruned))
 
         index_file = self.index_dir / f"{self.index_path.stem}.index"
         if not index_file.exists():

packages/leann-backend-hnsw/leann_backend_hnsw/hnsw_embedding_server.py

@@ -24,13 +24,26 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 log_level = getattr(logging, LOG_LEVEL, logging.WARNING)
 logger.setLevel(log_level)
 
-# Ensure we have a handler if none exists
+# Ensure we have handlers if none exist
 if not logger.handlers:
-    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler()
     formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
-    handler.setFormatter(formatter)
-    logger.addHandler(handler)
-    logger.propagate = False
+    stream_handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+    logger.addHandler(stream_handler)
+
+log_path = os.getenv("LEANN_HNSW_LOG_PATH")
+if log_path:
+    try:
+        file_handler = logging.FileHandler(log_path, mode="a", encoding="utf-8")
+        file_formatter = logging.Formatter(
+            "%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - [pid=%(process)d] %(message)s"
+        )
+        file_handler.setFormatter(file_formatter)
+        logger.addHandler(file_handler)
+    except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover - best effort logging
+        logger.warning(f"Failed to attach file handler for log path {log_path}: {exc}")
+
+logger.propagate = False
 
 
 def create_hnsw_embedding_server(

packages/leann-core/src/leann/api.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union
 
 import numpy as np
+from leann_backend_hnsw.convert_to_csr import prune_hnsw_embeddings_inplace
 
 from leann.interface import LeannBackendSearcherInterface
 
@@ -476,9 +477,7 @@ class LeannBuilder:
             is_compact = self.backend_kwargs.get("is_compact", True)
             is_recompute = self.backend_kwargs.get("is_recompute", True)
             meta_data["is_compact"] = is_compact
-            meta_data["is_pruned"] = (
-                is_compact and is_recompute
-            )  # Pruned only if compact and recompute
+            meta_data["is_pruned"] = bool(is_recompute)
         with open(leann_meta_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             json.dump(meta_data, f, indent=2)
 
@@ -598,13 +597,157 @@ class LeannBuilder:
             is_compact = self.backend_kwargs.get("is_compact", True)
             is_recompute = self.backend_kwargs.get("is_recompute", True)
             meta_data["is_compact"] = is_compact
-            meta_data["is_pruned"] = is_compact and is_recompute
+            meta_data["is_pruned"] = bool(is_recompute)
 
         with open(leann_meta_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             json.dump(meta_data, f, indent=2)
 
         logger.info(f"Index built successfully from precomputed embeddings: {index_path}")
 
+    def update_index(self, index_path: str):
+        """Append new passages and vectors to an existing HNSW index."""
+        if not self.chunks:
+            raise ValueError("No new chunks provided for update.")
+
+        path = Path(index_path)
+        index_dir = path.parent
+        index_name = path.name
+        index_prefix = path.stem
+
+        meta_path = index_dir / f"{index_name}.meta.json"
+        passages_file = index_dir / f"{index_name}.passages.jsonl"
+        offset_file = index_dir / f"{index_name}.passages.idx"
+        index_file = index_dir / f"{index_prefix}.index"
+
+        if not meta_path.exists() or not passages_file.exists() or not offset_file.exists():
+            raise FileNotFoundError("Index metadata or passage files are missing; cannot update.")
+        if not index_file.exists():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"HNSW index file not found: {index_file}")
+
+        with open(meta_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            meta = json.load(f)
+        backend_name = meta.get("backend_name")
+        if backend_name != self.backend_name:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Index was built with backend '{backend_name}', cannot update with '{self.backend_name}'."
+            )
+
+        meta_backend_kwargs = meta.get("backend_kwargs", {})
+        index_is_compact = meta.get("is_compact", meta_backend_kwargs.get("is_compact", True))
+        if index_is_compact:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Compact HNSW indices do not support in-place updates. Rebuild required."
+            )
+
+        distance_metric = meta_backend_kwargs.get(
+            "distance_metric", self.backend_kwargs.get("distance_metric", "mips")
+        ).lower()
+        needs_recompute = bool(
+            meta.get("is_pruned")
+            or meta_backend_kwargs.get("is_recompute")
+            or self.backend_kwargs.get("is_recompute")
+        )
+
+        with open(offset_file, "rb") as f:
+            offset_map: dict[str, int] = pickle.load(f)
+        existing_ids = set(offset_map.keys())
+
+        valid_chunks: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+        for chunk in self.chunks:
+            text = chunk.get("text", "")
+            if not isinstance(text, str) or not text.strip():
+                continue
+            metadata = chunk.setdefault("metadata", {})
+            passage_id = chunk.get("id") or metadata.get("id")
+            if passage_id and passage_id in existing_ids:
+                raise ValueError(f"Passage ID '{passage_id}' already exists in the index.")
+            valid_chunks.append(chunk)
+
+        if not valid_chunks:
+            raise ValueError("No valid chunks to append.")
+
+        texts_to_embed = [chunk["text"] for chunk in valid_chunks]
+        embeddings = compute_embeddings(
+            texts_to_embed,
+            self.embedding_model,
+            self.embedding_mode,
+            use_server=False,
+            is_build=True,
+        )
+
+        embedding_dim = embeddings.shape[1]
+        expected_dim = meta.get("dimensions")
+        if expected_dim is not None and expected_dim != embedding_dim:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Dimension mismatch during update: existing index uses {expected_dim}, got {embedding_dim}."
+            )
+
+        from leann_backend_hnsw import faiss  # type: ignore
+
+        embeddings = np.ascontiguousarray(embeddings, dtype=np.float32)
+        if distance_metric == "cosine":
+            norms = np.linalg.norm(embeddings, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+            norms[norms == 0] = 1
+            embeddings = embeddings / norms
+
+        index = faiss.read_index(str(index_file))
+        if hasattr(index, "is_recompute"):
+            index.is_recompute = needs_recompute
+        if getattr(index, "storage", None) is None:
+            if index.metric_type == faiss.METRIC_INNER_PRODUCT:
+                storage_index = faiss.IndexFlatIP(index.d)
+            else:
+                storage_index = faiss.IndexFlatL2(index.d)
+            index.storage = storage_index
+            index.own_fields = True
+        if index.d != embedding_dim:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Existing index dimension ({index.d}) does not match new embeddings ({embedding_dim})."
+            )
+
+        base_id = index.ntotal
+        for offset, chunk in enumerate(valid_chunks):
+            new_id = str(base_id + offset)
+            chunk.setdefault("metadata", {})["id"] = new_id
+            chunk["id"] = new_id
+
+        index.add(embeddings.shape[0], faiss.swig_ptr(embeddings))
+        faiss.write_index(index, str(index_file))
+
+        with open(passages_file, "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            for chunk in valid_chunks:
+                offset = f.tell()
+                json.dump(
+                    {
+                        "id": chunk["id"],
+                        "text": chunk["text"],
+                        "metadata": chunk.get("metadata", {}),
+                    },
+                    f,
+                    ensure_ascii=False,
+                )
+                f.write("\n")
+                offset_map[chunk["id"]] = offset
+
+        with open(offset_file, "wb") as f:
+            pickle.dump(offset_map, f)
+
+        meta["total_passages"] = len(offset_map)
+        with open(meta_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            json.dump(meta, f, indent=2)
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Appended %d passages to index '%s'. New total: %d",
+            len(valid_chunks),
+            index_path,
+            len(offset_map),
+        )
+
+        self.chunks.clear()
+
+        if needs_recompute:
+            prune_hnsw_embeddings_inplace(str(index_file))
+
 
 class LeannSearcher:
     def __init__(self, index_path: str, enable_warmup: bool = False, **backend_kwargs):

pyproject.toml

@@ -104,11 +104,7 @@ astchunk = { path = "packages/astchunk-leann", editable = true }
 [tool.ruff]
 target-version = "py39"
 line-length = 100
-extend-exclude = [
-    "third_party",
-    "apps/multimodal/vision-based-pdf-multi-vector/multi-vector-leann.py",
-    "apps/multimodal/vision-based-pdf-multi-vector/multi-vector-leann-similarity-map.py"
-]
+extend-exclude = ["third_party"]
 
 
 [tool.ruff.lint]